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The Valley Forge Guide 

HISTORICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL 

GUIDE 

TO 

VALLEY FORGE 

BY 

W. Herbert Burk, D. D. 



Rector of the Washington Memorial Chapel, Valley Forge. . 

Member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and the 

Montgomery County and Chester County Historical Societies. 

Honorary Member of the Gloucester County Historical Society, N, J. 

Member of the Executive Board of the Church Historical Society. 

President of the Valley Forge Historical Society. 



SIXTH EDITION— REVISED AND ENLARGED 

ILLUSTRATED WITH PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR 

AND OTHERS 



NORTH WALES, PA. 

NORMAN B. NUSS, PRINTER 

1921 



lUI 



COPYRIGHT. 

1906, 1910. 1912, I9I6, 1920. 1921 

BY 
W. HERBERT BURK 



DEC 31 1921 
©CI.A653334 



o t 



PREFACE, 



In the following pages I have endeavored to supply that 
information which will be of most value to the visitor to Valley 
Forge. Without some such guidance much of the interest 
which belongs to the place is lost, as I know from personal ex- 
perience. My endeavor has been to connect the living per- 
sonality of the men of the Revolution with the objects which 
remain. Unfortunately no one has attempted this, and conse- 
quently much time and labor have been spent in gathering 
the information which would enable me to do it. Incomplete 
as the work is, I offer it to the American people in the hope 
that its pages may bring to them something of the enthusiasm 
which its preparation has brought me. 

I am indebted to Mr. Edson J. Weeks tor permission to 
use the picture of Washington's Headquarters and to Prof. 
Jesse E. Philips for the use of his copy of Peak's portrait of 
Washington. 

W. Herbert Burk. 
All Saints" Rectory, 
April 23, 1906. 



PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION 



The development at Valley Forge, both in the Park 
and at the Washington Memorial Chapel, has been so 
rapid that a new edition of the Valley Forge Guide is 
demanded. 

In the preface to the second edition, I said : 'Tn its 
preparation I have availed myself of the important re- 
searches made by Dr. John W. Jordan for the Valley 
Forge Commission for the brigade markers, and desire 
to express my gratitude for Dr. Jordan's work and my 
indebtedness to him. I also gratefully acknowledged the 
courtesy of Mrs. William Benton Greene, Jr., in allowing 
me to reproduce the portrait of General Greene owned 
by her. To Harper & Brothers, for the permission to 
copy Lossing's drawing of Washington's tents ; to the 
Reading Railway Company, and to the Phoenixville, Val- 
ley Forge and Strafford Railway Company, for the use 
of maps, I am grateful for these important additions to 
the value and interest of the Guide." 

I now desire to express my gratitude to Mr. Nicola 
D'Ascenzo, for permission to reproduce his pictures of 
the window subjects, and to Air. William H. Rau, of 
Philadelphia, and to Mr. John Wallace Gillies, of New 
York, for the privilege of the use of their excellent pho- 
tographs in illustrating the Guide. 

W. Herbert Burk. 

The Defenders' Gate, Valley Forge, 
October 15, 1919. 



4) 



HOW TO REACH VALLEY FORGE. 

Valley Forge is on the Reading Division of the Philadelphia 
and Reading Railway, 23.6 miles from Philadelphia. There are 
several trains, daily. The single fare is $0.77. The ten-trip 
ticket (good for parties) is $5.20. 

Special rates are made to organizations, Sunday schools, etc., 
from any point on the Reading System, on application to the 
General Passenger Agent, Reading Terminal, Philadelphia. 

The Headquarters and the entrance to the Park are near the 
station. The location of the stations and their relation to the 
encampment are shown by the small map. 

Valley Forge can also be reached by the Pennsylvania 
Railroad, from Broad Street Station. Betzwood is the station 
for the State Park. It is 21.7 miles from Philadelphia. The 
single fare is $0.71, and the ten-trip $4.73 (good for parties). 
The Right Line Boulevard entrance is a little over a half- 
mile from Betzwood Station. The Headquarters are two and a 
half-miles from Betzwood. 

The only trolley line to Valley Forge is that of the Phoenix- 
ville, Valley Forge and Strafford Electric Railway, connecting 
Valley Forge and Phoenixville. The Phcenixville terminus is 
Bridge and Starr Streets. 

Cars run every hour. Fare, one way, $0.10. 
The company's map, showing actual and contemplated lines, 
is on page 9. 

City Hall, Philadelphia, Broad Street, to Spring Garden, to 
Lemon Hill, to Girard Avenue Bridge, to Belmont Avenue, to 
Conshohocken Road, to Philadelphia, Bala and Bryn Mawr Turn- 
pike, through Bryn Mawr to Gulph Mills, Gulph Road through 
King of Prussia, road to right to Park entrance, or on to Port 
Kennedy, then right on River Road. 

City Hall, Market Street to Lancaster Avenue, over Lancaster 
Pike to Bryn Mawr, right to Montgomery Avenue, to Gulph Mills, 
Gulph Road through King of Prussia to Valley Forge. 

(5) 



6 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

City Hall, Broad Street, to Vine, to Parkway, to Park Drive, 
to Ridge Avenue, to Norristown, to Jeffersonville, to Port 
Kennedy, to River Road to Valley Forge. 

City Hall, Broad Street, west on Spring Garden Street to 
Fairmount Park, right at Lincoln Avenue, to Girard Avenue, 
right under bridge, through Park to Belmont Avenue, to City 
Line, to Overbrook, to Lancaster Turnpike, to Devon, right to 
Valley Forge Park, 

Tourists using the Lincoln Highway should leave the High- 
way at Devon Garage, turning right, if going from Philadelphia, 
left if going to Philadelphia. A State Highway, steep with many 
curves, leads to the Valley Forge Park at the Washington Re- 
doubt. 

AUTOMOBILE LINES. 

The Brown Line. 

Passing through Fairmount Park to Overbrook, through 
Wynnewood, Ardmore, Haverford, Bryn Mawr, Wayne, Straf- 
ford, Devon to Valley Forge, making the entire Park Drive; 
covering every point of interest. Returning by King of Prussia 
through the Gulph Mills. Fonrteen-passenger touring cars are 
used on this trip. Fare, roimd trip. $2.50. Cars leave opposite 
Wanamaker's, Chestnut Street, daily at to A. ]\L Return to 
Philadelphia at 5 P.M. 

Note. — In engaging any automobile visitors should stipulate 
that ample time is allowed to see the Valley Forge Museum. 



HOTELS. 

"The Washington Inn," near the Headq-iartcrs. 
"The Mansion House," in Va'ley Forge. 
"The Port Kennedy Inn," at Port Kennedy Station. 
"The King of Prussia Inn," King of Prussia. 



TEA ROOM. 

The Fort Huntington Tea Room, on the River Road and 
M^ashington Lane, is open daily. 










?o>) 3nM3<aaN30 



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WHAT TO SEE AT VALLEY FORGE. 

Washington's Marquee. (Valley Forge Museum.) 

Washington's Headquarters. Open daily from 8 
A. M. to 6 P. M. (Summer Schedule.) 

The Earthworks. 

The Washington Memorial Chapel. Open daily 
from 8 A. M. to 6 P. M. 

The Cloister of the Colonies. 

The Valley Forge Museum of American History. 
Open daily, except Sunday, from 8 A. M. to 6 P. M. 

The Soldiers' Hut. (Reproduction.) 

The Camp School. 

The Waterman Monument. 

The Wayne Monument. 

The Muhlenberg Monument. 

The Delaware Marker. 

The Maine Marker. 

The Massachusetts Monument. 

The New Jersey Monument. 

The Pennsylvania Columns. 

The Monument to the Unknown Dead. 

The Brigade Hospital. (Reproduction.) 

Headquarters of Commanding Officers. (No admis- 
sion.) 

View from the Observatory on Mount Joy. 

The Defenders' Gate. 



HOW TO SEE VALLEY FORGE. 

Those who have only a limited time should visit the in- 
trenchments', Huntington Redoubt, the Star Redoubt, Varnuni's 
Headquarters, the Defenders' Gate, the Soldiers' Hut, the 
Waterman Monument, the Cloister of the Colonies, the Wash- 
ington Memorial Chapel, the Valley Forge Museum, Washing- 
ton's Marquee and Washington's Headquarters. This can be 
done hurriedly in two hours. 

Those who can spare more time should turn back after visit- 
ing the Museum, turn to the left at Washington Lane, visit the 
Old School, go up the Gulph Road to the Camp Road, follow this 
to Washington Redoubt, go over the Inner Line Boulevard, and 
then to Washington's Headquarters, either by the River Road or 
the boulevard. 

This book describes the tour of the entire encampment and 
a visit to Lafayette's Headquarters. 



AUTOMOBILES AND CARRIAGES. 

As there are five miles of boulevard and three miles or so 
of other roads over which one must pass to see all the points of 
interest in the encampment, most people will prefer to make the 
tour in automobiles or carriages. 

Automobiles meet the trains. They may be engaged at the 
Valley Forge Garage, Washington Inn, or the Garages in Nor- 
ristown, Phcenixville or towns on the Main Line. For large 
parties H. O. Dengler, Norristown, can supply White Auto- 
mobile Busses, and J. H. Jarrett, Norristown, Packard Motor 
Coaches holding from twenty to thirty passengers. Carriages, 
jcoaches or brakes may be' secured from the same reliable firms. 



(loj 




Map Showing how Points of Interest at Valley Forge 
MAY BE Reached by the Fhoenixville, Valley Forge 
AND Strafford Railway By courtesy of the Company 




"Valley Forge" 

The Washington-Burk Memorial, by Franklin Simmons, Rome, 

in the Washington Memorial Chapel. 



THE PLACE OF VALLEY FORGE IN AMERI- 
CAN HISTORY. 

THE year 1776 was a disheartening one for the American 
patriot, despite the boldness of the Declaration of In- 
dependence. The British had seized New York, and 
Washington, unsupported by Lee, was compelled to re- 
treat through New Jersey. Congress, terror-stricken at the 
thought of the approach of the British army, had fled to Balti- 
more, and it seemed to many as if the cause of Liberty had 
been lost. Washington felt that "no man had a greater choice 
of difficulties, and less means to extricate himself from them." 
Certainly no man could do more with little. In ten days by a 
master stroke he wrested from Howe almost all the fruits of 
a long summer campaign. With only a portion of his small 
army he crossed the Delaware and pierced the British center, 
eluded Cornwallis at Trenton and struck another blow at 
Princeton, forcing the British to evacuate New Jersey, reani- 
mating his disheartened troops, giving new courage to Con- 
gress, reviving patriotism and discouraging Toryism. 

The British plan of action for 1777 was to subdue New 
England by separating it entirely from the other States. To 
this end Burgoyne was to lead an army down from Canada, 
capturing Ticonderoga on the way, St. Leger was to seize Fort 
Stanwix, and to march down the Mohawk Valley, and Howe 
was to ascend the Hudson, all finally concentrating at Albany 
for a descent upon the Eastern States. The plan was not 
carried out. St. Leger's expedition was an absolute failure, 
largely due to Herkimer's bravery and Arnold's strategy, and 
Burgoyne, deprived of the support of St. Leger and Howe, lost 
his army at Saratoga. For Howe, instead of ascending the 
Hudson, as planned and as Washington expected, sailed for the 
Delaware, then on to the Chesapeake, and landed at Elkton, 
August 25th, to advance against the "rebel capital." On the last 
day of July, Washington learned that the fleet was oflf the 

(13) 



14 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

Delaware capes and at once hurried to protect Philadelphia, 
passing through that city on his way to the Chesapeake. 

The first engagement took place at Chadd's Ford, on the 
Brandywine, where one division was routed, and the main 
body of the American army was compelled to retreat, the defeat 
being largely due to Howe's Tory guides, whose intimate knowl- 
edge of the country made it possible for him to make the 
detour by which he surprised Sullivan's right wing. Washing- 
ton fell back to Philadelphia for one day's rest, and encamped 
at Schuylkill Falls. Howe attempted to cut off his retreat, 
but Washington moved up the Schuylkill Valley and crossed 
the river at Matson's Ford (Conshohocken), on the 15th of 
September. The next day he hurried along the old Lancaster 
road in order to prevent Howe from taking a position be- 
tween him and Swedes' Ford (Bridgeport). That night the 
army encamped between Warren Tavern and White Horse 
Tavern. Here a battle was imminent. The American picket 
was driven in by the British, and this seemed to be the pre- 
lude to a sharp engagement, as the enemy had marched from 
Concord with the evident intention of turning the American 
right flank. The rain, which began about the time of the first 
fire, increased in violence, and the American ammunition was 
soon useless. Washington, therefore, retreated to Yellow 
Springs and Warwick Furnace, at which latter place cannon 
were cast for the army, leaving Wayne at Paoli. Wayne was 
surprised, and sustained such a brutal attack as to win for it 
the title of the "Massacre of Paoli." Recrossing the Schuylkill 
at Parker's Ford, the Americans passed through Trappe on 
the Reading turnpike, to Perkiomen Creek. On the 21st the 
British made a feint of marching against Reading, a depot 
of supplies, so Washington hastened to Pottsgrove (Pottstown), 
near which place the army was encamped for several days. 
Instead of doing what Washington expected they encamped 
along the road from French Creek (Phcenixville) to Valley 
Forge. It was at this time that the Valley forge was de- 
stroyed. On the 23d the British army crossed Fatland Ford 



VALLEY FORGE IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



15 



and encamped that night on Stony Creek (Norristown), march- 
ing thence to Germantown. On the 26th Lord Cornwallis took 
possession of Philadelphia. 




Fatland Ford, where the British Crossed. 



During all these movements Washington's men suffered 
severely, being poorly clad and having but few blankets. At 
least one thousand men made these marches with bare feet. 
Undaunted by their sufferings the Americans marched to Penny- 
packer's Mills (Schwenksville), and after a brief rest, on to 
Skippack and Worcester. From thence the army moved at 
seven o'clock on October 3d to attack the British at Ger- 
mantown. That brilliant attempt ended in failure, and Wash- 
ington retreated to the camp on the Perkiomen. 

A.fter three days' rest the army was again on the march, 



l6 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

■moving toward Philadelphia. On October 8th it was at Towa- 
mencin. where a week was spent. The next stop was at Wor- 
cester, where the army received the joyful news of the sur- 
render of Burgoyne. Whirpain was the next halting place. 
During this halt General Wayne was tried by a court-martial 
on the charge of neglect of duty at Paoli and was "acquitted 
with the highest honor." On November 2d the army went 
into camp at Whitemarsh. While encamped there Howe 
marched out from Philadelphia (December 4th) to make a night 
attack on the American army. News of this plan was brought 
to Washington, by Mrs. Lydia Darrah, some say, and conse- 
quently the army was on the alert. After manoeuvring for a 
few days Howe returned to the city without attempting to attack 
Washington. This practically ended the campaign of 1777. 

On December nth the army evacuated t^'-e cai-".? at "^-Vhite- 
marsh and marched to Matson's Ford. The first division had 
crossed and part of the second when a force under Lord Corn- 
wallis was discovered on the heights on both sides of the 
Gulph Road. Under the impression that the British had again 
left Philadelphia the troops recrossed the river and the army 
moved up to Swedes' Ford (Ford street, Norristown), where it 
crossed during the night of the 12th and the morning of the 
13th, and then took position at Gulph Mills. This seems ta have 
been considered as a site for the winter encampment, but the 
army remained there less than a week, suffering severely from 
exposure. The final march of the year was from Gulph Mills to 
Valley Forge, the site selected for the winter quarters of the 
army. It is supposed that Valley Forge was selected on the 
recommendation of General Wayne, whose home was near at 
hand, and who well knew the country. Here six months were 
spent, from December 19, 1777, to June 19, 1778 — the most 
critical period of American history. 

Dark as were the days at Llorristown, when Paine wrote, 
'These are the times that try men's souls," those at Valley 
Forge were darker, indeed the darkest that America has seen. 
The short enlistments, largely due to the terrifying vision of 
a standing army, were a constant source of weakness and ex- 
pense. The depreciation of the paper currency made the poor 



VALLEY FORGE IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



17 



pay of the soldier only a starving wage, and officers were com- 
pelled to resign because they had not the means to eke out 
their expenses. Congress held out no hope of a future recog- 
nition of services rendered such as have at other times re- 
lieved the soldier of concern for his future or for that of those 
dependent upon him. The foolish arrangement by which each 
State was to have its quota of promotions deprived the army 
of the advantage of officers of the highest merit and was a con- 
stant source of irritation. 



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The Overhanging Rock on the Gulph Road 



The poor soldiers were the helpless victims of a meddling 
Congress and an incompetent commJssary department. While 
the whole country was fairly prosperous the men at Valley 
Forge starved. While they froze to death "hogsheads of shoes, 
stockings, and clothing were lying at different places on the 



l8 GUIDE TO VALLEY fORGE. 

roads and in the woods, perishing for want of teams, or of 
money to pay the teamsters." On the 23d of December, Wash- 
ington reported to Congress that "Two thousand eight hundred 
and ninety-eight were unfit for duty, because barefoot or 
otherwise naked. Only eight thousand two hundred men were 
present for duty." It is estimated that three thousand men 
perished on these hills during the six months of the encamp- 
ment, while in the twenty-six principal engagements of the 
Revolution the number of killed and wotmded did not greatly 
exceed nine thousand ! 

During these months the cause of American independence 
was endangered by a diabolic plot to supplant Washington. 
The "Conway Cabal," as it was called, had eager supporters in 
Congress and the army, and for awhile it seemed as if its evil 
design would be accomplished. It was an added burden for 
Washington to bear. "The intrigue against him he watched 
in stern silence till it was ripe and evident, then he crushed 
it with sudden exposure, and turned away in contempt, hardly 
so much as mentioning it in his letters to his friends." 

The weakest point was Congress. Its best men were in the 
army, or at home busily engaged in the effort to establish State 
governments. A mere handful of men gathered in York, often 
not enough for a quorum. These had little power and often 
less judgment. They could only advise the States and their 
advice was not much heeded. There was in fact no central 
government. 

If these were the darkest days theirs was the darkness 
which precedes the dawn. The first sign of this was the realiza- 
tion on the part of the American people of the character of 
Washington. ^"-As-^the- silly -intrigues against him recoiled upon 
their authors, men began to realize that it was far more upon 
his consummate sagacity and unselfish patriotism than upon 
anything that Congress could do that the country rested its 
hopes of success in the great enterprise which it had under 
taken. As the nullity of Congress made it ever more apparent 
that the country as a whole was without a government. Wash- 
ington stcofl forth more and more conspicuously as the living 
svmbol of tlie union of the States. In him and his work were 



VALLEY FORGE IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



19 



centered the common hopes and the common interests of all 
the American people." 

While this change was being made in the minds of the 
people,. Washington, with the help of Steuben, was making the 
army. ready for its greater deeds. The days at Valley Forge 
were .^usy with preparation. New tactics were introduced, 
the arms were improved, and the discipline made more strict. 
Here the little State armies were welded into the army of the 
United States. 

Finally, upon these hills the patriots of America beheld 
the sunrise of national glory. On February 6, 1778, the treaties 
of amity and commerce between France and the United States 
were signed. As the late Secretary Hay has happily expressed 
it: 'The act of France gave us a standing abroad which we 
had hitherto lacked. A man's character is made by himself; 
his reputation exists in the minds of others. Our Declaration 
asserted our independence, the French alliance proved it. Even 
before 1776 we were a nation; but until our treaties with 
France the world regarded us as a rebellion." 






.V J J ema. 







CiiTD' E F-oR $i20.oco Paid to Lafayette for His Services in 

THE War of the Revolution. Original in the Valley 

Forge Museum of American History 



THE VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER 
ROAD. 

The Entrance to Valley Forge Park.— The State of 
Pennsylvania, through the Valley Forge Park Commission, has 
acquired the land adjoining the Valley Forge station of the 
Philadelphia and Reading Railway and has made a driveway 
from the station to the intrenchments. This is the most direct 
route to the points of interest and affords some beautiful views 
of the river. 

Those who do not expect to return to the station should 
visit Washington's Headquarters before going to the intrench- 
ments. It can be seen some four hundred feet to the west of the 
entrance to the Park. Others will find it more convenient to 
visit it after seeing as much of the encampment as their time 
permits. 

The road follows the line of the river and by easy grades 
surmounts the hill on which the fortitications were built. The 
hillside to the right is historic ground, for there once stood the 
huts of the Life Guard. 

The Life Guard. — This body of men had been organized 
in 1776, soon after the siege of Boston, and consisted of a 
major's command. Caleb Gibbs, of Massachusetts, was the 
first chief and bore the title of "captain commandant." He 
was also the disbursing agent for Washington's military family, 
as may be seen by referring to the reproduction of Washing- 
ton's accounts on page 22. The Guard consisted entirely of 
Virginians, but while here it was increased by the addition 
of one hundred men chosen from the troops of the different 
States. This augmented body v/as made a model corps for the 
execution of the manoeuvres of Baron Steuben. The first ex- 
hibition drill was given on April 6th. The men carried muskets 
and side arms. The uniform consisted of a blue coat with white 
facings, a white waistcoat, and breeches, black half-gaiters, 
and a cocked hat with a blue and white feather. A few of the 

(21) 



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VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER ROAD. 2^ 

men were mounted. One of the rosters of the Life Guard and 
other relics are on exhibition in the Valley Forge Museum, and 
the standard is carved on the screen of the President's Pew in 
the Washington Memorial Chapel. 

It is well worth stopping at this point to enjoy the view 
across the valley. In the near foreground the house with a 
cupola is the "Washington Inn," formerly the Mansion House 
of the Potts estate. Across the valley, perched on the steep 
slope of Mt. Misery, is the summer residence of Gen. B. F. 
Fisher. Near this is the famous Colonial Spring, the waters 
of which are so justly celebrated. The road winding toward 
the summit is used by the teams which haul stone to the 
crusher beyond the creek. 

Looking now toward the northeast the old Gulph road can 
be traced as it ascends the hill. It is crossed by the boule- 
vard almost at the point where the edge of the woods seems 
to cut it off. The only troops encamped on this side of the 
ridge, with the exception of the Life Guards, was General Mc- 
intosh's brigade. The site of the huts was about one thousand 
feet east of the reservoir. 

A good view of the river may be obtained by going out on 
the promontory only a few feet beyond. The striking structure 
of red brick in the near distance is the Roman Catholic Pro- 
tectory, founded by Archbishop Ryan as a reformatory for boys. 
Something over a half-mile down the river is the head of 
Jenkins Island, across which ran the old Colonial road, the 
river at that time being fordable on both sides of the island. 
This was the Fatland Ford by which the British crossed on 
September 22,, 1777, on their march to Philadelphia. Just below 
the island the American troops built a bridge. 

The hne of intrenchments begins on the crest of the hill. 

On the right of the boulevard is the Delaware Memorial, 
erected by the State of Delaware in memory of the Delaware 
troops at Valley Forge. This is not the site occupied by them, 
as that is not owned by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 
The memorial is a granite marker in the face of which is cut 
the following inscription : 



2-1 



(JUIDE TO VALLEN' FORGE. 



THE STATE OF DELAWARE 

ERECTS THIS MARKER IN MEMOR: 

OF HER GALLANT SONS WHO ENDURE." 

THE HARDSHIPS AND PKIVATIONf 

OF THE .ME.MORABLE WINTER 01 

T777-I778 ON THE HILLS 01 

VALLEY' FORGE 



THE STATE OF DELAWARE 

ERECTS THJS MARKER IN MEMORV 
OF HER GALLANT SONS WHO CKOUREO 

THE HARDSHIPS AMO PRIVATIOMS 
OF THE MEMORABLE WINTER OF 

1777 -1778 ON THE HILLS OF 

VALLEY FORCE 

A.Q. ISJ3 

m il l I l l ll l im mi ■" "'"I IIJMMMM^JWM B 




The Delaware Memorial. 



VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER ROAD. 2^^ 

The Pennsylvania Militia Memorial. — On the left of: 
the boulevard the State of Pennsylvania has placed a modest 
memorial of the Pennsylvania Militia and its commander, Major 
General John Armstrong, who defended the eastern approaches' 
to the encampment. A plain granite marker bears a bronze 
tablet with the following inscription: 

MAJOR GENERAL JOHN ARMSTRONG 

IN COMMAND OF THE PENNSYLVANIA MILITIA 

GUARDED THE ROADS FROM PHILADELPHIA 

AND THE APPROACHES TO SULLIVAN's BRIDGE 

AND THIS CAMP 

The boulevard now follows the hne to the road, only a few 
hundred feet away. It crosses the road and follows the Hne of 
intrenchments to Washington Redoubt. To the right the road 
leads to the village of Valley Forge. To the left it leads to the 
Star Redoubt, Defenders' Gate, Waterman Monument, Cloister 
of the Colonies, Washington Memorial Chapel, Patriots' Hall 
and the village of Port Kennedy. Those desiring to make a 
tour of the camp should, therefore, turn to the left upon reach- 
ing the road. 

On the hill overlooking the road is one of the picturesque 
guardhouses built by the Valley Forge Park Commission for 
the protection of the guards. These men patrol the boulevards 
and preserve order throughout the Park. They are glad to give 
visitors information about the points of interest. 

The road was defended by two rifle-pits, which are plainly 
marked on the hillside. Farther down the road, on the right, is 
a battery, consisting of reproductions of the cannon of the period 
of the Revolution. Beyond on the slope of the hill are the 
remains of Huntington Redoubt. These can be better visited by 
taking the path from the boulevard, as described in the account 
of the Inner Line Boulevard, and need not detain the visitor at 
this point. 

This hillside has been the scene of two notable celebra- 
tions of the Evacuation of Valley Forge. The first and most 
imposing was that which took place in 1878. An early morn- 
ing reception given by Governor Hartranft and Major-General 



26 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

Winfield S. Hancock was folloAved by a memorial service and 
a review of the troops. ]n the afternoon Col. Theodore \^^ 
Bean read a long historical paper and Prof. W. Newton Meek? 
read Mrs. Mary E. Thropp Cone's Valley Forge Centennial 
Poem. The feature of the day was the masterly oration of Mr. 
Henry Armitt Brown, of Philadelphia. 

The celebration of the one hundred and twenty-fifth anni- 
versary was on a much smaller scale. It consisted of a memo- 
rial service in the morning, the laying of the corner-stone of 
the Washington Memorial Chapel at noon, and a patriotic 
service in the afternoon. At the morning service Rabbi Joseph 
Krauskopf made the address. In the afternoon addresses were 
made by Mr. Walter S. Logan, of New York; Miss Adaline W. 
Sterling, of New Jersey; Mrs. Donald McLane, of New York, 
and the Hon. C. Emory Smith, of Philadelphia. Poems by Mrs. 
Cone and Miss Margaret B. Harvey were read by Francis L. Ly- 
barger. The musical part of the program was under the direction 
of Mr. John O. K. Robarts, of Phoenixville, Pa., who had 
served in the same capacity in 1878. 

Washington Lane. — Fifteen hundred feet from the boule- 
vard the River Road is crossed by the Washington Lane. This is 
the most direct route to the Camp School, the Artillery Park, 
Washington Redoubt, the Inner Line Boulevard, the Right Line 
Boulevard, Centreville and Devon. The Grand Parade, after 
June nth, was located in front of Conway's Brigade, the second 
from the River Road. 

The lane to the left is no longer a thoroughfare. This is to 
be regretted, as it is historic ground and should be open to the 
public. It was the old road leading to Fatland Ford, which 
crossed the river to Jenkins Island, and thence to the eastern 
bank. Along this road the British Army passed in September, 
1777, on its march to Philadelphia. 

Sullivan's Bridge.— The road was continued down to the 
military bridge which General Sullivan built 750 feet below the 
ford. The site of the bridge is marked by a stone on the bank, 
having the inscriptions : 



VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER ROAD. 



27 




Site of Sullivan's Bridge. 
(Date destroyed) 

SULLIVAN 
BRIDGE. 

A. D. 1778. 
SPENCER 
BRIDGE. 



. The Historical Society of Montgomery County has erected 
a more appropriate monument on the other bank. This society 
has also appointed a committee to carry into effect the sug- 
gestion of the Hon. Irving P. Wanger, that a memorial bridge 
be erected at this point. This project ought to commend itself 
to all patriotic Americans, and both the National and State Gov- 
ernments ought to co-operate in its erection. 



28 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



The military bridge was not built upon pontoons, as is 
sometimes stated, but on piles. I am told that portions of these 
were in position a few years ago. The flooring was made of 
split logs, the roimd to the water, held in place by wooden pegs. 
It is sometimes stated that General Sullivan did not take into 
consideration the masses of floating ice brought down by the 
spring freshets and that the roadway was not built far above 
the water, and consequently the bridee did not long survive its 




The Last of the Huts, 



use by the army. As a matter of fact the bridge was so well 
constructed that it endured for some time, and might have been 
a permanent structure if the Assembly of Pennsylvania had 
followed the advice of General Sullivan. When the Assembly 
was ready to act, it was too late, as the bridge was partly de- 
stroyed. But it had served its purpose, for upon it the Amer- 



VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER ROAD. 



29 



ican army crossed to intercept the march of the British to New 
York. 

Across it, too, came the welcome supplies for the starving 
soldiers. Every Monday and Thursday after February 8th a 
market was held, near the end of the bridge, and on those 
days the soldiers went a-marketing, or rather those who were 




Varnum's Headquarters. 

the proud possessors of spare monej'. A picket guarded the pas- 
sage of the bridge and fcrd, and prevented boats from going by. 
A guardhouse was built on this side of the river early in March, 
A little below the site of the bridge, but on this side of the 
railroad, were, as late as igii, the mo-ildcring remains of what 
is said to have been one of the huts used by the picket. Up to 
a few years ago, wh-n it was set on fire, it was in a fair state of 
preservation, having been used as a tenant house. 



VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER ROAD. 



3r 



Five hundred feet beyond Washington Lane, on the right, 
are a stone barn and house. Tradition declares that this barn 
was used as a hospital. 

General Varnum's Headquarters. — This house was the 
headquarters of Gen. James Mitchel Varnum, the brigadier- 
general commanding a brigade of Rhode Island and Connecticut 
troops. At that time the house was much smaller, the eastern 




The Star Rkdoubt, Constructed 1916. 

part and the third story having been added later. On the night 
of January 17th the brigadiers met here to consider how to ex- 
change raw hides for shoes, and whether to arm the saldiers 
with bayonets and the officers with espontons or pikes. Here, 
too, at another time, the rations of the soldiers were decided. 
On that happiest of Valley Forge days, when the French Al- 
liance was celebrated, Washington stopped here, then the Or- 



32 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



derly Office, to make the day complete by pardoning two men 
then in the provost guard under sentence of death for de- 
sertion. 

Star Redoubt. — The next point of interest is the site of 
the Star Redoubt, a few hundred feet beyond on the left. As 
late as 1850 its outlines were plainly marked. The present 
redoubt was constructed in 1916 by the Valley Forge Park 




i* 



^''^'^''^fl^^^ 




m 



The Defenders' Gate 



Commission. The original redoubt with the Huntington and 
Washington redoubts completed the defenses of Mount Joy. 
The guns of this redoubt were intended not only to co- 
operate with those of tlie other redoubts in repelling an attack 
on the front, but also to command tl.e approach from the other 
side of the Schuylkill by the Fatlar.d Ford. The redoubt became 
of supreme importance when Sullivan's bridge was completed. 
Of course the erection of the dam when the canal was built has 
altered the river lines. 

Varnum's Brigade. — General Varnum's Brigade lay to 
the east of the redoubt on both sides of the road. The Park 



VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER ROAD. 33 

Commission has erected the brigade marker orn the slope of 
the old earthwork. It bears the following inscription: 

continental army 

valley forge, december iq, 1777 — june 18, i778 

division 

varnum's brigade 

brig. general james m. varnum 

commanding 

1st regiment rhode island infantry, col. christopher greene 

2d regiment rhode island infantry, col. israel angell 

4th regiment connecticut infantry, col. john durkee 

8th REGIMENT CONNECTICUT INFANTRY, COL. JOHN CHANDLER 

The Defenders' Gate. — Beyond the Star Redoubt is 
the lodge of "The Defenders' Gate/' a national monnment to 
the defenders of the Union— the heroes of three wars and the 
patriots of the Republic. This i? at the entrance to the Wash- 
ington Memorial Churchyard, a part of which will be devoted 
to the interment of veterans of the Civil War and the War with 
Spain. 

The Defenders' Gate, when completed, will correspond with 
the "Cloister of the Colonies," a short distance away, and will be 
one of the noblest monuments on this sacred spot. It will in- 
clude the gateway, waiting room and superintendent's lodge. 
The piers to the east of the lodge are a part of the "Lincoln 
Arch" which is being erected by the Grand Army of the Re- 
public, contributions being made for this purpose by the Posts 
throughout the country. 

That such a memorial as the Defenders' Gate is fitting 
no one can question who knows what Valley Forge is in Amer- 
ican life and progress. At the time of the Albany Congress, as 
far back as 1754, Benjamin Franklin was working for the union 
of the Colonies In his Pennsylvania Gazette appeared a rude 
cut of a snake whos-e dissevered parts represented the Colonies, 
and under this were the words, "Unite or Die." When the 
American soldiers marched up the Gulph Road to Valley Forge 
they were the armies of Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, 
etc. When they marched across Sullivan's Bridge they were the 



34 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

Army of the United States of America. Here the Declaration 
of Independence which proclaimed a new empire was realized 
first in a united army. 

The Gate occupies a commanding site in full view of the 
course taken by that united army, whose efforts resulted in a free 
and united people. 

President Roosevelt's Valley Forge Address. — 

One phase of the relation of the men of Valley Forge to the 
defenders of the Union was set forth in the address made 
by President Roosevelt in the temporary Washington Memorial 
Chapel on Evacuation Day, 1904. He said : 

"If the men of '61 had failed in the great struggle for 
national unity it would have meant that the work done by 
Washington and his associates might almost or quite as well have 
been left undone. There would have been no point in com- 
memorating what was done at Valley Forge if Gettysburg had 
not given us the national right to commemorate it. If we were 
now split up into a dozen wrangling little communities, if we 
lacked the power to keep away here on our continent, within 
our own lines, or to show ourselves a unit as against foreign 
aggression, then, indeed the Declaration of Independence would 
read like empty sound, and the Constitution would not be worth 
the paper upon which it was written, save as a study for anti- 
quarians." 

The Washington Memorial Churchyard.— The Park 

Commission has located so many graves that there is no longer 
any doubt that these hills are a vast cemetery in which lie 
the remains of the martyrs of ''j'] and '78. Associated in loca- 
tion and thought is the Washington Memorial Churchyard— con- 
secrated as God's Acre. This is the property of the congre- 
gation of the Washington Memorial Chapel, for the interment 
of its members, but it will be conducted as a general cemetery 
on modern lines. Most generously the congregation has devoted 
one acre for the interment of veterans of the Civil War and 
[their widows, and another for the veterans of the Spanish- 
.American War and their widows. This provision for the sol- 
idiers' widows is as beautiful as it is unusual. 



VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER ROAD. 35 

Near the entrance two Memorial oak trees were planted in 
1919 in memory of two American aviators who were killed in 
France, Lieutenant Warren T. Kent and Cadet-Aviator Clark 
Brockway Nichol. Each is marked by a bronze tablet set near 
the trees : 

IN MEMORY OF 
LT. WARREN T. KENT, U. S, A. 

AVIATOR KILLED IN ACTION 
FRANCE, SEPTEMBER 7TH, I918 

COLONIAL CHAPTER 
DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTION 

IN MEMORY OF 

CLARK BROCKWAY NICHOL 

CADET-AVIATOR, U. S. A. 

KILLED IN LINE OF DUTY 

FEBRUARY 18, I918 

A. E. F. 

To keep the churchyard in the best or order perpetually a 
large percentage of all the money received from the sale of lots 
will be added to the Endowment Fund. Information in regard 
to the lots in the churchyard may be obtained at the Chapel. A 
driveway has been made from the Gate to the Chapel, passing 
under the Virginia Bay in the Cloister of the Colonies. This 
is open to the public, and affords a pleasant detour. 

Soldiers' Huts. — The woodland, presented to the Trustees 
of the Washington Memorial Chapel by the Hon. WilHam Uhler 
Hensel, is one of the most interesting spots in the whole encamp- 
ment. At the beginning of the wood pedestrians should turn to 
the left and follow the woodland road. In a few minutes you 
will reach a depression in the earth. This is the first of the 
hut-holes or "cellars" as they are called. It is the site of one of 
the huts which were built by the soldiers, and still shows the 
outline and size of the building. You are now standing on one 
of the company streets.and to the right and left as you advance 
■other hut-holes will be seen. Almost at the end of the street, 



36 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



there being only two holes beyond, stands the hut erected by the 
Daughters of the Revolution. Above tlie door is a tablet bear- 
ing the following inscription : 

on this spot stood one of the huts 

occupied by the soldiers of 

Washington's camp 

during the winter of 1 777- 1 778. 

this REPRODUCTION WAS ERECTED BY 

COLONIAL CHAPTER OF PHILADELPHIA, 

DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTION, 

MAY, 1905. 

SITE WAS PRESENTED BY I. HESTON TODD. 




Company Street and Hut. 

It was dedicated on June 24, 1905, at which time a prayer 
was offered by the Rev. W. Herbert Burk, and addresses were 



VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER ROAD. 37 

made by Mrs. O. La Forrest Perry, Mrs. Nathaniel Seaver Keay, 
State Regent of the Daughters of the Revolution, and Mr. I. 
Heston Todd. 

The soldiers who occupied the original hut belonged to the 
4th Connecticut Regiment, as proven by the buttons found in the 
hut-hole, and now on exhibition in the Museum. 

This hut gives an excellent idea of what the huts of the 
soldiers at Valley Forge were, for explicit directions were 
given for their erection. "The quarters must be fourteen by 
sixteen feel eacli," say the orders; "the sides, cuds and roofs 
made with logs ; the roof made tight with slabs, or some other 
way; the sides made tight wiih clay; a fire-place made of wood 
and secured with clay on the inside, eighteen inches thick ; 
this fire-place to be on the rear of the huts : the door to be in 
the end next the street: the door to be made of split oak slabs, 
unless boards can be procured : the side walls to be six feet and 
a half high. The officers' huts are to form a lint- in the rear 
of the troops, one hut to be allowed to each general officer ; one 
to the stafi' of each hriyade : one to the field officers of each 
regiment, and one to every twelve non-commissioned officers and 
soldiers." 

The soldiers were divided into squads of twelve, and Wash- 
ington offered a reward of twelve dollars to the squad in each 
regiment which finished its hut in the quickest and most work- 
manlike manner. He also offered a reward of one hundred 
dollars to the officer or soldier who would invent a cheaper 
covering than boards. The inventors were to report their plans 
to Generals Sullivan, Greene and Lord Stirling. Temporarily 
the huts were covered with the tents. As large quantities of 
straw were needed for beds or for thatching the huts, if this 
plan were adopted, Washington ordered the farmers to thresh 
at once or the straw would be taken with the grain and paid 
for as straw. Broadsides to this effect were printed and posted 
throughout the neighboring country. 

Dr. Waldo has left us a description of the huts, but the one 
described in his lines was probably built for a hospital, such 
as that so admirably reproduced by the Park Commission near 
the Wayne Monument, as these were larger than the huts of 



38 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

the soldiers and had more windows. Dr. Waldo was a surgeon 
in General Huntington's brigade, and gained quite a reputation 
for his success in inoculating the soldiers against small-pox. 

"Of pondrous logs 

Whose bulk disdains the winds and fogs 

The sides and ends are fitly raised 

And by dove-tail each corner's brac'd : 

Athwart the roof, young saplings lie 

Which fire and smoke has now made dry — 

Next straw wraps o'er the tender pole, 

Next earth, then splints o'erlay the whole ; 

Although it leaks when show'rs are o'er. 

It did not leak two hours before. 

Two chimneys plac'd at op'site angles 

Keep smoke from causing oaths and wrangles. 

Three windows, placed all in sight, 
Through oiled paper give us light ; 
One door, on wooden hinges hung. 
Let in the friend, or sickly throng." 

On the whole the huts were very comfortable, as is testi- 
fied in numerous letters written from Valley Forge. When the 
weather grew warmer the soldiers were ordered to open the 
chinks to let in more air, and later the army abandoned the 
huts and pitched their tents. 

In huts such as this and upon this ground were encamped 
the Rhode Island troops under the command of Col. Christo- 
pher Greene, the hero of Fort Mercer. He and his four hun- 
dred men, behind unfinished earthworks, repulsed a well-dis- 
ciplined and well-equipped force of two thousand Hessians on 
the twenty-second of October, 1777, at Red Bank, N. J. The 
battle lasted less than an hour, but in that time these men 
added to the honor of the American soldier by making "one af 
the most glorious stands ever made by patriots fighting f*^ 
home and country." 

Visitors will find interesting relics of these heroes in the 
Valley Forge Museum, including a letter reporting the action 
to Governor Wharton, of Pennsylvania. 



VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER ROAD. 39 

Steuben's Kitchen. — On some of the maps this part of 
the encampment is designated as the sites of officers' huts, and 
tradition has placed "Steuben's Kitchen" in this grove. It is 
said that when the Baron entered the American service he was 
accompanied by a very expert chef. Upon reaching Valley 
Forge the great general was assigned to one of these huts. 
The next morning, in order to prepare for his master's breakfast, 
the chef asked to be shown the kitchen in which his labors 
were to be performed. He was taken to a spot under the trees 
where an iron pot was suspended from sticks above a fireplace 
of stones. When he was assured that this was the kitchen, he 
promptly took leave of his master to return to a less barbarous 
mode of life than that offered at Valley Forge. Be this as it 
may, his master remained to do noble service in the cause of 
human liberty. By his skill and perseverance order was 
brought out of chaos, discipline was established, a uniform 
system of tactics was adopted, and a mass of untrained men 
made into that splendid army which thwarted the treachery of 
Lee at Monmouth and there and elsewhere won those victories 
which culminated at Yorktown. Only those who know what he 
did for the cause of Liberty can appreciate the debt of honor 
which the American people owe to Frederick William Augustus 
Henry Ferdinand von Steuben, aide-de-camp to Frederick the 
Great, who voluntarily placed at the disposal of Congress his 
great gifts and his wide experience. 

Whether Major-General Nathanael Greene occupied a hut, as 
his biographer states, or the residence of Isaac Walker, as Mr. 
Wm. John Campbell declares, I am unable to determine. If he 
did occupy a hut it was here. In a letter to his brother he says : 
"We are all going into log-huts — a sweet life after a most 
fatiguing campaign." Mrs. Greene came to camp in January 
and helped to dispel the gloom of the dreary winter. Know- 
ing some French and being a woman of bright parts and a gay 
manner she attracted to her husband's quarters Lafayette and 
the other foreign officers, including Steubgn, Duponceau, de 
Kalb, Fleury, Duplessis. and the gallant Pulaski. Often Wash- 
ington and his wife were the guests of honor. 




The Waterman Monument 



VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER ROAD. 4I 

In one of his letters General Greene says : '"Colonel Greene 
and all his officers are coming home to recruit a negro regiment. 
Will they succeed or not?" This movement had been sug- 
gested by General Varnum, and in it Col. John Laurens took 
tne i^eenesi interest. The movement was entirely successful. 
The slaves who enlisted received their freedom, and their bravery 
and heroic service during the war proved the wisdom of General 
Varnum's plan. Their owners were compensated for the loss 
of their service. 

In March, Greene, who C(5mmanded the division consisting 
of Muhlenberg's and Weedon's brigades, was made Quarter- 
master-General, but retained his right to command in the field. 
The good results from this appointment were set forth a few 



Waterman's Grave. 
months later by Washington in a letter to the President of 
Congress. 

Gen. Alexander MacDougall was another officer to make his 
winter home in one of these huts. His patriotism had been 
tried by twenty-three weeks of imprisonment before it was 



42 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

tested here, that being the penally which the New York As- 
sembly imposed upon him for his address, "A Son of Liberty 
to the Betrayed Inhabitants of the Colony," published when 
the Assembly failed to protest against the usurpations of the 
Crown. As his imprisonment took place before the famous shot 
at Lexington he is sometimes called "the first martyr to the 
patriot cause." He became colonel of the first New York regi- 
ment, and was later made a brigadier. Two months before the 
army came to Valley Forge he was made a major-general, 

A Soldier's Grave. — Among those who occupied these 
huts was Lieut. John Waterman, whose death is announced in 
this characteristic soldier's letter: 

"Camp Valley Forge, Apl. 24th, 1778. 
"Dear Sir: 

"Captain Tew and myself arrived safe to post the 22d in- 
stant, found the encampment in perfect tranquility and the 
enemy peaceable in their quarters. Am sorry to inform you that 
yesterday died of a short illness that worthy gentleman John 
Waterman Esqr. Commissary of our brigade. 

"Humble servant 

"William Allen. 

"N. B. — Have returned your bill to Capt. Olney, as it would 
not pass in Pennsylvania. 

"Theodore Foster, Esq/' 

So frequent had been the deaths in camp, three thousand 
dying in six months, that a few days before Lieutenant Water- 
man's death the following order had been issued: 

"The Funeral honours at the Interment of officers, are for 
the future, to be confined to a solemn procession of officers and 
Soldiers, in Numbers suitable to the Rank of the Deceas'd, with 
revers'd arms. Fireing on these occasions is to be abolish'd in 
Camp." 

If we follow that silent procession across the road, and 
down the path to the monument we will find where his comrades 
laid his body. Some one erected the rough stone and cut on it 
the initials, "J. W., 1778," thus making it the only named grave 
at Valley Forge. 



44 WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 

The Waterman Monument. — The monument which 
rises above it is one of the conspicuous landmarks at Valley 
Forge. It is an imposing granite shaft, fifty feci high, erected 
by the Daughters of the Revolution in memory of the martyrs 
of Valley Forge. It stands on a piece of ground thirty by 
thirty-three feet square, with an approach from the road ten 
feet wide and three hundred and sixty-one feel long, given by 
Mr. I. Heston Todd. Mr. Todd later deeded to the Society 
additional ground on which are placed the historic cannon 
loaned by the Girard Estate. 

The obelisk rests upon a base ten feet square, raised upon 
a plinth with three gradations. On the face of the plii.th is 
the following inscription : 

TO THE SOLDIERS OF WASHINGTON'S ARMY 

WHO SLEEP AT VALLEY FORCE, I777-I778. 

ERECTED BY THE 

DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTIOxN. 

Set in the base is a large bas-relief in bronze representing 
the Valley Forge encampment. Above this is a bronze seal of 
the Society. The Colonial flag is carved on the obelisk. 

The dedication took place on October 19, 1901. Mr. Todd 
made the presentation of the deed, and addresses were made 
by the Hon. William A. Stone, Governor of Pennsylvania; the 
Hon. Boies Penrose, Mr. Peter Boyd and Miss Adaline Wheelock 
Sterling, President-General of the Daughters of the Revolu- 
tion. As Governor Stone unveiled the shaft he said : "On 
behalf of the Daughters of the Revolution I dedicate this monu- 
ment to the heroic dead of Valley Forge." 

On the south side of the plinth is another inscription, as 
follows : 



NEAR THIS SPOT LIES LIEUTENANT JOHN WATERMAN. 
DIED APRIL 23, 1778, 
AVHbsE GRAVE ALONE OF ALL HIS COMRADES WAS MARKED. 



46 GUIDF TO VALLEY FORGE. 

Huntington's Headquarters. — The house in the valley 
was for many years the residence of the late Mr, I. Heston Todd, 
at one time a member of the Valley Forge Park Commission, 
and at all times deeply interested in the preservation of these 
historic spots, as is attested by his gifts of the ground for the 
Waterman Monument, the Washington Memorial Chapel, and 
the Soldiers' Hut. To the west of the present building stood 
the headquarters of General Jedidiah Huntington, a native of 
Norwich, Conn. He graduated from Harvard when he was 
twenty years old and was associated with his father in business. 
An active Son of Liberty he raised a regiment of which he 
became captain and joined the army at Cambridge. On May 
12, 1777, he was appointed brigadier-general. He served in the 
court-martial which tried Gen. Charles Lee for misconduct at 
Monmouth and in that which condemned Major Andre to death. 

General Huntington is described as a man "small in 
stature, but of great energy, steadiness and dignity, very neat 
and precise in his personal appearance, and polished, though 
reserved in his demeanor." He was very religious, liberal and 
charitable. While at Valley Forge he formed a strong friend- 
ship for Lafayette, Steuben and Pulaski. Pulaski was mortally 
wounded in the attack upon Savannah, Georgia, and died on the 
"Wasp," October 11, 1779. In later years both Lafayette and 
Steuben were the honored guests of General Huntington. 



THE WASHINGTON 
MEMORIAL 



THE WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL, 

CLOISTER OF THE COLONIES, PATRIOTS' 

HALL AND WASHINGTON MEMORIAL 

LIBRARY. 

RETURNING to the road the next objects of interest 
are the Cloister of the Colonies, the Washington Memo- 
rial Chapel and Patriots' Hall. In the course of studies 
in the history of the Church in America the writer 
was impressed with the religious character of the men who 
made the Nation. This led him to a more careful study of the 
religious character of Washington, and on Sunday, February 
22, 1903, in a sermon in All Saints' Church, Norristown, on 
"Washington the Churchman," he spoke of Washington's wor- 
ship at Valley Forge and said, "Would that there we might rear 
a wayside chapel, fit memorial of the Church's most honored 
son, to be the Nation's Bethel for all days to come, where the 
American patriot might kneel in quest of that courage and that 
strength to make all honorable his citizenship here below, and 
prove his claim to that above!" The sermon was printed in The 
Norristown Daily Herald, and the suggestion was commended 
by the press throughout the country. From that day the 
writer has striven to give permanence to his conception. The 
Sunday School Association of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, to 
which the subject was referred, recommended the establish- 
ment of a Sunday school, and after some delay this was dene, 
the first service being held in the Valley Forge Hall on May 
17, 1903. Mr. and Mrs. I. Heston Todd and Mr. and Mrs. John 
Hallman offered sites for the building, and the Rt. Rev. Alex- 

t (47) 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. T_^ ._ 49 

ander Mackay-Smith, D. D., Bishop Coadjutor of the Diocese 
of Pennsylvania, selected the one on which the chapel stands. 
The laying of the corner-stone formed a part of the program! 
of the one hundred and twenty-fifth anniversary of the Evacua- 
tion of Valley Forge. Mr. Todd presented the deed for the 
ground, which was accepted by the Rt. Rev. O. W. Whitaker, 
D, D., Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, who then laid the 
stone. This was the gift of the Rt. Rev. Alexander Mackay- 
Smith, D. D., Bishop Coadjutor of the Diocese. 

The purpose of the Washington Memorial Chapel was set 
forth in the words used by the Bishop in laying the corner- 
stone, "In the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the 
Holy Ghost, Amen. I lay the corner-stone of an edifice to be 
here erected by the name of the Washington Memorial Chapel, 
to be devoted to the service of Almighty God, agreeably to the 
principles of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United 
States of America, in its doctrine, ministry, liturgy, rites and 
usages; and in memory of George Washington, communicant 
and lay reader of this Church, and the patriot churchmen and 
churchwomen who served their God and Country in the 
struggle for Liberty." 

The Rev. C. Ellis Stevens, LL. D., D. C. L., Rector of Christ 
Church, Philadelphia, in which Washington was a frequent 
worshipper, delivered an able address on "The Christianity of 
Washington." About two hundred clergy and choristers took 
part in the service. 

Perpendicular Gothic was selected as the style of archi- 
tecture for the chapel as being the best adapted for the object 
and use of the building. Dr. Charles C. Harrison, Provost of 
the University of Pennsylvania, requested Prof. Warren P. 
Laird to act as the representative of the Department of Archi- 
tecture of the University and to pass judgment upon the de- 
signs submitted. In his report Professor Laird thus speaks of the 
successful design, that of Field and Medary, Philadelphia: 

"Its ensemble expresses truthfully the theme of the com- 
petition; a memorial chapel with auxiliary structures. The 
chapel dominates the group while not overpowering it, and the 
tower, higher than the chapel and sufficient to its purpose as 



50 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

an observatory, is placed at the right point to complete the 
balance of the group. This is as simple in plan as it is effective 
in mass. The chapel, while pure in historic character and fine 
in proportion, has an expression of dignity, repose and strength^ 
which it would be difficult to carry further toward harmony 
with the sentiment of Valley Forge. In its wall and win- 
dow treatment t*\ere is presented, as nearly as possible in 
a place intended far worship rather than defense, the mediaeval 
approach of the church to fortress building. The other por- 
tions of the group are true in character and in proportion with 
the chapel. The plan arrangement of this group combines 
more of simplicity, compactness and economy, both of con- 
struction and administration, than any other in the competi- 
tion. In architectural quality it is scholarly and tasteful to an 
unusual degree and possesses real charm and distinction." 

The design was the work of Mr. Milton B. Medary, Jr., to 
whose great ability and painstaking care the Nation is indebted 
for the dignity and beauty of this remarkable memorial group. 
Mr. Medary is now a member of the firm of Zantzinger, Borie 
& Medary, of Philadelphia, under which the work has been 
continued. 

Unfortunately the money required to carry out the plans 
was not secured, and the work was retarded. In order that 
the building might be used while the funds were being secured 
a temporary roof was put in place and the interior stone work 
finished up to the sill lines. At last, in 1912, work on the walls 
was resumed, and the window tracery set to the transom bar. 

A new impetus was given to the work by the appointmem 
by the Rt. Rev. Thomas J. Garland, D.D., Bishop Suffragan, of 
the Diocese of Pennsylvania, of a large and influential committee, 
through whose efforts several thousand dollars were raised. 
Finally, or. IMarch 3, 1914, Dr. and Mrs. Charles Custis Harrison- 
organise J the following Committee through whose untiring 
efforts the Chapel has been completed : Stevens Heckscher, Esq., 
Chairman; the Rt. Rev. Thomas J. Garland, Dr. Charles Custis 
Harrison, Mrs. Charles Custis Harrison, George A. Elliott, Esq.^ 
the Rev. W. Herbert Burk, Mr. Milton B. Medary, Jr., and 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 5 1 

Mr. Joseph M. Rogers, Secretary. The contract was awarded 
April 13, 1915. 

The First Service. — On Washington's Birthday, 1905, the 
first service was held in the partly built chapel. The service 
was made notable by the presence of the Rt. Rev. Robert At- 
kinson Gibson, D. D., Bishop of Virginia, in whose diocese are 
the two parishes of which Washington was a vestryman. In 
the course of an eloquent sermon on the character of Wash- 
ington the Bishop declared that he was the genius of this place 
— "the crowning glory of Valley Forge." 

The Cloister of the Colonies.— The "Cloister of the 
Colonies" is a unique monument of patriotism and the most 
beautiful memorial at Valley Forge. Each of the thirteen 
Colonies will be represented by a bay. The cloister forms a 
porte cochere to the chapel and one of the entrances to the 
Washington Memorial Churchyard, but its most important use 
will be in connection with the open air services, for which it is 
the chancel. The beautful Open Air Pulpit faces the grove 
where already more than ten thousand have gathered for a 
patriotic service. The Founder's dream of a great woodland 
cathedral has been realized through the patriotism and gener- 
osity of Mrs. Charles Custis Harrison, who in 1918 had elm 
trees sent from Mount Vernon for this purpose. The Mount 
Vernon elms have been planted in the form of a cross with the 
Cloister at its head. Adjoining the Woodland Cathedral there 
will be an evergreen chapel containing a bronze statue of 
Washington at prayer. 

An effort will be made to have the Sundays of the summer 
so endowed that it will be possible to invite the greatest speak- 
ers of the world to come to Valley Forge and give their mes- 
sages to the American people. 

Beginning at the front of the chapel the bays are New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia (the archway), Maryland, Massa- 
chusetts, Delaware, New York and Connecticut. New Hamp- 
shire is the first bay, architecturally, and it forms the entrance 
to the Chapel and to the choir room. Adjoining it is the South 



52 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

Carolina Bay. The Rhode Island. North Carolina and Georgia 
Bays are required to complete the Cloister of the Colonies. The 
Bays are built of Holmesburg granite and Indiana limestone. 
The floors are of Knoxville marble, and in the center of each 
is a largy copy in brass of the Colonial seal. 

The ceilings, are of oak, hand-carved, and on the central boss 

of each are emblazoned the State arms. Over the arch of the 
Virginia bay are the arms of the Virginia Company, consisting 
of the arms of England, Scotland, Ireland and France, and the 
motto: "En dat Virginia quintam" . The motto is set between 
symbols representing t-he gifts of the English Church to Amer- 
ica, the arms of Canterbury and York, symbolizing the English 
Church; the mitre, crozier and keys, the ministry; the font and 
chalice, the sacraments; the two books, the Bible and Prayer 
Book. This bay, erected in 1907, marks the three hundredth anni- 
versary of the founding of Jamestown and the establishment of 
English life and institutions in America. Above the inner arch 
are the arms of Washington, the great Virginian. 

The New York Bay, the gift of the Society of the Colonial 
Dames of America, contains the open air pulpit. Above this 
are carved the arms of the Washington Memorial Chapel. 

The donors of the bays, and the dates of ihe dedications, are 
as follows : 

New Jersey Bay — Miss Sarah R. Chew, 1905. 

Pennsylvania Bay — Mr. T. Broom Belfield, 1906. 

Virginia Bay — Mr. George C. Thomas, 1907. 

Maryland Bay— Mr. Tames E. Mitchfll. 1908. 

Massachusetts Bay — Massachusetts Society, Sons of the 
American Revolution, 1909. 

Delaware Bay— George A. Elliott, President of the Dela- 
ware Society, Sons of the American Revolution, 1912. 

New York Bay— The Society of the Colonial Dames of 
America. 1912. 

Connecticut Bay— The Patriotic Societies of Connecticut, 
The Order of the Cincinnati, The Sons of the Revolution, The 
Sons of the American Revolution, The Society of Colonial 
Uar?, The Order of Founders and Patriots of America, The 
Military Order of Foreign Wars. 




Ldokixg Throuc=h the Cloister. 



54 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

New Hampshire Bay— Mr. Arthur Emmons Pearson, 1915. 

South Carolina — Two Families Prominent in the Colonial 
History of South Carolina, 1916. 



INSCRIPTIONS. 
New Jersey. 

TO THE GLORY OF GOD 

AND IN APPRECIATION OF THE 

PATRIOTISM AND DEVOTION 

OF THE SOLDIERS OF 

NEW JERSEY 

IN THE 

WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 

AND IN LOVING MEMORY OF 

STILLE CHEW AND REBECCA D. 

TURNER, HIS WIFE, OF 

WOODBURY, N. J., THIS 

BAY IS ERECTED BY 
SARAH R. CHEW, I905. 

Pennsylvania. 

TO THE GLORY OF GOD AND IN 

HGxN'OR OF THE BRAVE 

PENNSYLVANIANS 

WHOSE LIVES WERE GIVEN FOR 

THE BLESSINGS WE ENJOY, 

AND IN LOVING MEMORY OF HIS 

PARENTS, WIFE AND CHILDREN, 

WHO NOW REST FROM THEIR LABORS, 

THIS BAY IS ERECTED BY 

T. BROOM BELFIELD, 

JUNE 19, 1906. 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. . 55 

Virginia. 

TO THE GLORY OF GOD, 

IM HONOR OF THE UNFALTERING HEROISM 

OF THE FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY 

AND THE BRAVE VIRGINIANS 

WHO SO FAITHFULLY STOOD BY HIM 

IN THIS VALLEY, 

AND IN SINCERE APPRECIATION OF 

THE DEVOTION OF THE 

CHURCHMEN OF THE 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

•''O THE MISSIONS OF THE CHURCH, 

AND ESPECIALLY IN GIVING THEMSELVES 

TO THIS GREAT CAUSE, 

THIS BAY IS ERECTED BY 

GEORGE CLIFFORD THOMAS, 

JUNE 19, 1907 

Maryland. 

TO THE GLORY OF ALMIGHTY GOD 
IN HONOUR OF THE BRAVE TROOPS OF 
MARYLAND 
WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES FOR THEIR 
COUNTRY, AND IN LOVING MEMORY OF 
ABRAHAM DAVID MITCHELL, 
OF MARYLAND, 
AND JANE THOMPSON EVANS, HIS WIFE, 
THIS BAY IS ERECTED BY THEIR SON, 
JAMES EVANS MITCHELL, 
IQO8 

Massachusetts. 

TO THE GLORY OF GOD, 

IN HONOR OF THEIR ANCESTORS 

AND IN LASTING MEMORY 

OF THE 

SOLDIERS OF MASSACHUSETTS 

ENCAMPED AT VALLEY FORGE DURING 

THE WINTER OF 1 777- 1 778, 

THIS BAY IS ERECTED BY THE 

MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY, 

SONS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 

1909. 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 57 

Delaware. 



TO THE GLORY OF GOD 

AND 

IN HONOR OF THE MEN OF 

DELAWARE, 

WHO, 

BY PATIENT ENDURANCE. 

CHEERFUL SELF SACRIFICE 

AND FEARLESS DEVOTION 

TO DUTY IN CAMP 

AND BY BRAVERY ON 

THE FIELD OF BATTLE, 

HELPED WIN FOR US 

A COUNTRY 

AND FOR THEMSELVES 

A DEATHLESS FAME 

THIS BAY IS ERECTED" 

FOR THE DELAWARE 

SOCIETY, SONS OF THE 

AMERICAN REVOLUTION 

BY GEORGE A. ELLIOTT 

PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY 

I912. 

New York. 

TO THE GLORY OF GOD 

AND IN MEMORY OF 

THOSE HEROIC MEN 

WHO HERE ENDURED 

GREAT HARDSHIPS 

IN THE WAR OF 

AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE 

THIS BAY 

IS ERECTED BY 

THE COLONIAL DAMES 

OF AMERICA 

I913 



58 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. ' ~[[^'^.. 

Connecticut. 

TO THE GLORY OF GOD 

AND IN MEMORY OF THE 

CONNECTICUT MEN 

IN THE 
CONTINENTAL ARMY 
AT 
VALLEY FORGE | 

AND OF 
THOSE PATRIOTIC CITIZENS 
WHO MINISTERED TO THEIR 
NECESSITIES AND MITIGATED 
THEIR SUFFERING THIS BAY 
. , IS ERECTED 

BY 
THE PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES 
OF CONNECTICUT 
THE SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI 
THE SONS OF THE REVOLUTION 
THE SONS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 
THE SOCIETY OF COLONIAL WARS 
THE ORDER OF FOUNDERS AND PATRIOTS OF AMERICA 
THE MILITARY ORDER OF FOREIGN WARS 

New Hampshire. 

IN THE NAME OF GOD, AMEN 

IN TRIBUTE TO THE LOYALTY AND THE SACRIFICE 

OF THE TROOPS OF THE PROVINCE OE 

NEW HAMPSHIRE 

IN THE CONTINENTAL ARMY DURING THE ' 

WINTER ENCAMPMENT OF 

I777-I778. 

IN GRATEFUL RECOGNITION OF THE 

DEVOTION AND THE SERVICE OF THE SONS AND DAUGHTERS 

OF THE PROVINCE 

WHO CONTRIBUTED BY WORD OR ACT TOWARD THE 

ESTABLISHMENT OF 

AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 59 

AND IN LOVING MEMORY OF 

AMOS PEARSON JOHN BENJAMIN 

ENSIGN JOSHUA BARRON 

LIEUTENANT JONATHAN DERBY 

DAVID PAGE EMMONS STOCKWELL 

AND DAVID GREENLEAF 

SOLDIERS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY FORCES 

THIS BAY IS ERECTED BY 

ARTHUR EMMONS PEARSON 

I915 

NIL DESPERANDUM CHRISTO DUCE 



The Garth. One of the most attractive features of the 

Cloister of the Colonies is the garth v^hich it encloses. This 
has been planted with rhodendron and laurel. To the east of 
the drive is the beautif j1 bronze statue "Sacrifice and Devotion," 
by Bela Pratt. It v^^as given by Stephen Heckscher, Esq., in 
honor of the Mothers of the Nation and in memory of his 
Avife, Henrietta Brown Heckscher, who died June 11, 1912. The 
mother kneels at an altar and holds in her hand the symbol of 
the mother's hope, a lighted lamp. 

The Porch. — The porch was built by All Saints' Sun- 
day School, Norristown, which pledged the first one hundred 
dollars toward the erection of the chapel. On the corbels at 
the entrance are carved the arms of the Diocese of Pennsyl- 
vania, on the right, and. on the left, those of the Washington 
Memorial Chapel. At the entrance the effort has been made 

to emphasize the religious character of Washington. The inscrip- 
tion cut in the wall on the right is taken from the General 
Orders at V'alley Forge, in which in arranging the hour of 
Divine Service for the army he said: 

"While we are zealously performing the Duties 
of good Citizens and Soldiers, we certainly ought 
not to be inattentive to the higher Duties of Re- 
ligion. To the distinguished Character of Patriot 

it should be our highest Glory to add the more 
distinguished Character of Christian." 




Sacrif[CE and Devotion. 
By Bela Pratt 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



61 



The inscription on the left is taken from the Farewell Ad- 
dress, and is as follows : 

"Of all the Dispositions and Habits which lead 
to political Prosperity. Religion and Morality are 
indispensable Suppdris. In vain would .hat Man 
claim the Tribnic of Patriotism who should labor 
to subvert these great Pillars nf human happiness, 
these tirmcst props of the Duties of Men rmd 
Citizens." 




The Porch Windows. 



In the windows has been placeH Washington's valedictory 
prayer for the people of the United States : 

'T commend the interests of our dearest country 
to the protection of Almighty God, and those who 
have the superintendence of them to His holy keep- 
ing." 



62 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

In each window there is an ecclesiastical seal, the four 
symbolizing the communion of the Anglican Church, of which 
Washington was a member and from which he received his re- 
ligious training. Following the order of the inscription they 
are : York and Canterbury, representing the Church of Eng- 
land ; London, under whose bishop were the English communi- 
cants in the American Colonies, and the House of Bishops of 
the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of Amer- 
ica, which, after the Revoluiion, succeeded to the property and 
rights of the English Church in this country. 

The carved oak ceiling bears the arms of Washington, 
from which it has been claimed that the American flag has 
been derived. The arms appear also in the seal of the Wash- 
ington Memorial Chapel, which is set in the marble floor. The 
Chapel seal was designed by the Rev. Henry Martyn Medary, 
and is based upon the Washington arms. With the blue border 
these give the national colors. The cannon balls represent 
Washington in camp. 

The Porch Gates. — The Porch is closed by iron gates 
given by Dr. Charles Custis Harrison and Mr. Alfred C. Harri- 
son in honor of their ancestors. Colonel Samuel Waples and 
Major Thomas Custis, of the Continental Army. The gates 
were wrought by Mr. Samuel Yellin, in the best spirit of the 
greatest iron workers. Hammered in the iron are the symbols 
of the four evangelists. The lock has a miniature liberty bell 
as a keeper and the sliding bolt passes through the knapsack of 
a Continental soldier guarding the lock. This figure is a re- 
markable example of the iron forger's art. The gates are sur- 
mounted by a cross, and below it are the arms of the Chapel. 
The inscription is as follows : 

IN LOYAL MEMORY OF 

LIEUTENANT SAMUEL WAPLES AND LIEUTENANT THOMAS CUSTIS 

THESE GATES ARE GIVEN BY CHARLES CUSTIS HARRISON ANn 4r.P»<i> 

CRAVEN HARRISON OF THEIR DESCENDANTS 

The Washington Memorial Door. — The porch door 
is the gift of Colonial Chapter, Daughters of the Revolution, 
and is one of the handsomest memorials at Valley Forge. On 




The Interior oe the Washington 
Memorial Chapel. 




The Porch Gates. 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 05 

the top rail are seven shields with armorial bearings. In the 
center are the Washington arms, and to the right those of the 
United States, Virginia, and the insignia of the Daughters of 
Jke Revolution. To the left are those of the Protestant Epis- 
copal Church, the Diocese of Virginia, and the seal of the 
Washington Memorial Chapel. On the inner side are the arms 
of the Washingtons and the English families with which they 
intermarried. 

The door is the gift of Colonial Chapter, Daughters of the 
Revolution, and was dedicated May 13, 1910. It bears the fol- 
lowing inscription, carved in the upper stiles : 

TO THE GLORY OF GOD, OUR NATION'S HONOUR AND 

THE MEMORY OF GEORGE WASHINGTON, THIS DOOR IS 

GIVEN BY COLONIAL CHAPTER, PENNSYLVANIA SOCIETY, 

DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTION. 

The Commander-in-Chief's Boor. — The Door opening 
into the Cloister of the Colonies bears the arms of the thirteen 
original States and the insignia of the Colonial Dames. Cut in 
the oak is the following inscription : 

In Gratitude to God for His Guidance in the 
Election of George Washington, Commander-in- 
Chief of the Continental Forces, this Door is given 
by The Colonial Dames of America, Chapter II, 
Philadelphia. 

The Washington-Sullivan Font.- To the right of the 
doorway stands the beautiful Washington-Sullivan font, of In- 
diana limestone. On each face of the octagonal bowl are carved 
the Washington arms, and on the angles shields bearing the 
Crusader's cross, symbolizing the Christian's warfare against the 
world, the flesh and the devil. The font was the gift of Mr. 
and Mrs. William M. Sullivan, in memory of their son, Ralph,, 
and in commemoration of Washington's baptism. The inscrip- 
tion of dedication is on the base : 

"To the Glory of God and in loving Memory 

of Ralph J. Sullivan, 1890-1903. The Gift of his 

Parents." 



66 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

The inscription on the wall back of the font is most inter- 
esting, as it includes the record of Washington's birth and bap- 
tism as recorded by him in his mother's Bible. His baptismal 
robe is preserved in the National Museum at Washington. The 
inscription : 

"George Washington was made a Member of 
Christ, the Child of God, and an Inheritor of the 
Kingdom of Heaven, in the Sacrament of Holy 
Baptism Ministered according to the Use of The 
Church of England, whereof this Font is a Memo- 
rial, and this the Record : George Washington, Son 
of Augustine & Mary, his Wife, was Born ye nth 
Day of February, 173^ abDut 10 in the Morning & 
was Bap:ized on the 3th of April following, Mr. Bev- 
erly Whiting & Cap't Christopher Brooks God- 
fathers and Mrs. Mildred Gregory Godmother." 

The font was dedicated by the Rt. Rev. Robert A. Gibson, 
Bishop of Virginia, June 19, 1907. 

The Robert Morris Strong Box.— Mrs. Charles Cus- 
tis Harrison has added to the interest in the Chapel, and also 
to its income, by the loan of the strong box used by Robert 
Morris during the Revolution. This valuable relic of the great 
financier of the War for Independence is a remarkably fine 
specimen of early craftsmanship. It has been placed near the 
font at the entrance to the Chapel. A supplemental box of 
neat design has been placed by the Vestry at the Door of the 
Allies, thus providing for the reception of such gifts as the 
visitors desire to give for the support of this work for God 
and the Nation. Over the Robert Morris strong box is a brass 
plate with the following inscription inlaid with pewter: 

THE STRONG BOX OF ROBERT MORRIS 

FINANCIER OF THE REVOLUTION 

LOANED BY HIS GREAT GRAND-DAUGHTER 

MRS. CHARLES CUSTIS HARRISON 







The Washington-Sullivan Font. 



68 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE, 



Pews of the Patriots. — The pews are known as the 
"Pews of the Patriots," and are said to be unequaled in America. 
They were designed by Mr. Milton Bennett Medary, Jr., the 
architect of the chapel, who has designed all the furnishings, 
and great care has been exercised to make them worthy memo- 
rials. On the base of each pew are carved either the family 
arms, the insignia of a patriotic society or the Colonial seal 
or State arms. The inscriptions are well worth studying. 




The Rodkrt Morris Strong Box. 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 



69 



The Presidents' Pew bears the arms of the United States, 
the seal of the President and the Pearson arms. It is given 
in memory of Washington and Monroe, who were at Valley 
Forge and later i.ecamc Presidents, and commemorates the ad- 
dress of President Roosevelt, the first President to visit this 
sacred ground. 

The seats in the chapel are all free, as it is a House of 
Prayer for all people. It is maintained by .he voluntary con- 
tributions of the worshippers. 




The Major-Gexerals' Screen. 

The Pew Screens. — Tn front of the P'ws of th • Patri- 
ots are elaborately carved screens. That in front of the Presi- 



yo 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



dents' Pew was given by Nancy Delia Benjamin Pearson in 
honor of Washington and his Major-Generals at Valley Forge, 
and in memory of her parents, Benaiah Benjamin and Eliza- 
beth Noyes. That in front of the Shippen Pew was given by 
Elizabeth Swift and Sarah Swift Zulich in honor of Washing- 




The Brigadier-Generals' Screen. 



ton and his Brigadier-Generals at Valley Forge, and in memory 
of their parents, Samuel Swift and Mary Ann Swift. As Wash- 
ington spoke so frequently of the Providence of God as direct- 
ing the destiny of the American patriots, this is symbolized by 
angels at prayer. These are carved in oak and kneel on the 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 



71 



buttresses. Below in the panels are thirteen flags of the Revo- 
lution, carved and colored. On the Major-Generals' screen, 
from left to right, they are: The flags of the 3d New York, 
1st Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Light Horse, Commander-in- 
Chiefs Life Guard, Commander-in-Chief's standard, the Grand 
Union, the National standard, an earlier form of the National 




The Presidents' Pew. 



standard, the Rattlesnake flag, flag of the Floating Batteries, 
the Eutaw standard, the Pulaski standard, and the flag of the 
Bedford Minute Men On the base of the screens are thirteen 
shields, that in the middle inscribed with the name of Washing- 
ton, to the left the arms of the United States, and to the right 
the Washington arms. The names of the generals are in the 
following order: Lee, Sullivan. Greene, De Kalb, St. Clair, 
Lafayette, Steuben, Duportail, Sterling and Knox 



^2 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

General Charles Lee was a traitor when Washington wel- 
comed him to Valley Forge, so his name on the shield has been 
partly oi/iiterated. 

The other screen bears the following flags : The flag ol 
the 2d Rhode Island Regiment, the Westmoreland County Bat- 
talion (Pa.), two flags of the 2d New Hampshire Regiments, 
2d Regiment Light Dragoons, the Rattlesnake flag of South 
Carolina, the Pine Tree flag of New England, the Fort Moul- 
trie flag, flag of the Bucks of America. Webb's Connecticut 
Regiment, Talmadge's Dragoons, 2d Regiment 2d Connecticut 
Battalion and the ist Rhode Island Regiment. 

The following Brigadier-Generals are commemorated : Mc- 
intosh, Maxwell, Poor, Glover, Patterson, Wayne, Varnum 
Woodford. Muhlenberg. Weedon, Scott, Learned and Hunting- 
ton. 

The following scheme shows the arrangement of the pews 
and screens and the patriots commemorated : 

Altar. 

A. The Major-Generals' Screen — Nancy Delia Benjamin 
Pearson. 

B. The Brigadier-Generals' Screen — Elizabeth Swift and 
Sarah Swift Zulich. 

1. The Presidents' Pew — William Henry Pearson. 

2. Joseph Shippen Pew — William H. Swifr, Elizabeth Swift, 

Sarah Swift Zulich and Joseph Sv/ift. 

3. Samuel Runk Pew — Emma Ten Broeck Runk. Louis Bar- 

croft Runk. 

4. Thomas Cummings Pew — Sarah Swift Zulich, Mary J. Rinek. 

Thomas Cummings Zulich, Thomas Cummings Zulich, Jr. 
S- Benjamin Franklin Pew — His descendants. 
6. Christopher and Christinia Pechin Pew — Lilla Sellers Pechin, 

, Mary Pechin Bliss. 
7... Col. Patrick Anderson Pew — His descendants. 

8. ■ Col. William Dewees Pew — W. Dewees Wood, Alan Wood, 

Jr., Howard Wood, Thomas Roberts, William M. Potts, 
Francis Potts. 

9. Jacob and John Kingsbury Pew — Frederick John Kingsbury. 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 73; 

10. Continental Army Pew — Colorado Society, Daughters of the 

Revolution. 

11. Richard Currie Pew — His descendants. 

12. Gen. James Potter Pew — Alan D. Wilson. 

13. Col. Clement Biddle Pew — His great-grandchildren. 

14. The Hussey Pew^Edward Hussey Binns. 

15. Rev. Robert Blackwell Pew— Elise W. Balch. 

16. Rev. Stephen Bloomer Balch Pew— Elise W. Balch. 

17. Col. John Nixon Pew — Ellen Wain Harrison. 

18. Capt. Timothy Corey, Caleb Gardner and John Downing 

Pew — Lizzie G. Corey Gerry. 

19. Col. James Livingston Pew — Margaret Wilkeson Corson. 

20. John Morton Pew — Delaware County Chapter, Daughters 

of the American Revolution. 

21. Capt, John Douglas Pew — Ellen Douglas Carpenter Bennett. 

22. Betty Washington Pew— Fannie B. Lovell. 

23. Dr. James Hutchinson Pew — His descendants. 

24. Continental Navy Pew — Liberty Bell Chapter, Daughters of 

the Revolution. . 
-25. Capt. James Hunter Pew — Anna Wills Baugh. 

The Litany Desk. — At the head of the aisle is the Litany 
Desk, given in memory of the late Stephen Greene by his son 
Dr. William H. Greene. 

Beneath the desk is a Continental soldier facing the altar. 
The desk commemorates Washington's prayers for the Nation. 
Set in the desk is the following inscription, cut in brass and 
inlaid with pewter : 

To THE GLORY OF GOD AND IN GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE 
OF THE SUPPLICATIONS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON FOR 
THE AMERICAN PEOPLE AND IN MEMORY OF STEPHEN 
GREENE, 183 1 -1908 

The arms of the United States, the diocese of Pennsylvania, 
Washington and the Washington Memorial Chapel are cut in 
the brass insert. On the central plate are these words : 



74 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



GEORGE WASHINGTON 
JUNE I, 1774 
KEPT THE DAY OF FASTING, HUMILIATION AND PRAYER 
APPOINTED BY THE HOUSE OF BURGESSES OF VIRGINIA 
AND MADE THIS ENTRY IN HIS DIARY 
JUNE 1ST. WENT TO CHURCH & FASTED ALL DAY 

The Memorial Tablets. — The tablet on the left wall is 
of carved brass, and was given by Miss Rhoda Augusta Thomp- 
son, in memory of her father, who came to Valley Forge as a 
drummer boy when only sixteen? Inscription : 

"To the Glory of God and in Memory of Thad- 
deus Thompson, of Connecticut. Born March 5, 
1762; Died June 16, 1829. Who faithfully served his 
Country as Drummer-boy and Bombardier during 
the Revolution, enduring the hardships of Valley 
Forge, and being wounded at Yorktown. This Tab- 
let is erected by his Daughter, Rhoda Augusta 
Thompson, in grateful Remembrance of a loving 
Father, a loyal Patriot, and a devout Churchman." 




The Litany Desk 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 



75 



The tablet was dedicated on the 19th of December, 1906, 
the one hundred and twenty-ninth anniversary of his coming 
to Valley Forge with the American army. 

The tablet on the right is in memory of John Benjamin, 
bombardier, and was given by his great-granddaughter, Mrs. 
William Henry Pearson. Its dedication took place on June 19, 
1908. It bears the following inscription : 




The Thaddeus Thompson Tablet. 



"With Thanksgiving unto Almighty God and in 
loving Memory of John Benjamin, of Massachusetts, 
February 5, 1758; died December 2, 1814. Artillerist 
in the Continental Army, giving to his beloved 
Country a Service of Seven Years and sharing the 
Privations of Valley Forge, this Tablet in tribute 
of his Honor, his Valor and his faithful Life, is 
erected by his Granddaughter, Nancy Delia Benjamin 
Pearson." 
Above the doors will be placed bronze tablets commemo- 
rating the Signers of the Declaration of Independence and the 
Framers of the Constitution. These have been designed, by 
Miss Martha M. Hovenden, the talented daughter of the famous 
American artist, Thomas Hovenden. On the tablet in memory 
of the Signers the Spirit of Liberty holds the scroll on which is 
inscribed the message of the Liberty Bell : 

"Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto 
all the inhabitants thereof." 



^6 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

In the upper corners there are medallion portraits of George 
Mason, the author of the Bill of Rights, and Thomas Jefferson, 
the author of the Declaration of Independence. Below these are 
the names of the Signers. 

The second tablet bears the figure of the Spirit of Unity, 
holding the great seal of the United States encircled with an 
olive wreath. The medallions contain the portraits of James 
Madison, "the Father of the Constitution," and Alexander Hamil- 
ton, its exponent. The names of the Framers are arranged by 
States, each marked with the State arms. 



l^^h 



'0'>miiimimiiam\mumd . uiiiitmiiii jHi'iiii^'MiWiii'EiDiririm 
g K9f ii«Ti[iifi'ifBMi.iL»JtT!!Lfif:iiirinH<c u'-.Tir,i^ mm Mmwm mi 

The John Benjamin Tablet. 

It is hoped that the money required to cast these tablets in 
bronze may be secured in the near future, that they may be 
given enduring form. 



The Door of the Allies. — On the right, opening into the 
Porch of the Allies is the Door of the Allies, given by the 
Pennsylvania Chapter of the Daughters of Founders and 
Patriots, in honor of the foreign soldiers who aided the Amer- 
ican patriots in their struggle for Independence. It was dedi- 
cated October 20, 1914, by the Rt. Rev. Thomas J. Garland, D.D. 
Mrs. Sarah P. Snowden Mitchell, President of the Chapter, 
made the presentation, and addresses were made by Bishop 
Garland and the Rev. Andrew Fleming West, D.D., Dean of the 
Graduate School, Princeton. On the inner side of the door are 
the arms of Rochambeau, DeGouvion, Duportail, D'Estaing, 
Lauzum and Pulaski, with the arms of the Society in the center. 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 'J'J 

On the outer side are the arms of the following: DeGrasse, 
Lafayette, French Monarchy, Washington, United States, 
Steuben and De Kalb. The inscription reads : 

■'In Gratitude to God for all Allies who gave Help 
and Hope to Washington and His Soldiers, this 
Door is Presented by the Pennsylvania Chapter of 
the Daughters of Founders and Patriots of America, 
A. D. 1914." 
The Inauguration Door. — The door on the left, opening 
into the Cloister of the Colonies, was given by the Society of 
New York State Women in memory of Washington's Inaugura- 
tion as first President of the United States. It bears the arms 
of the thirteen States, and the insignia of the Society. The 
inscription cut in the oak is : 

"In Gratitude to Almighty God for those Provi- 
dential Aids by which Our Government was Insti- 
tuted and George Washington Inaugurated the First 
President of the United States, this Door is given 
by the Society of New York State Women." 
The Choir Door. — The Door of the Allies opens into 
the New Hampshire Bay in the Cloister of the Colonies, and 
in the same Bay is the entrance to the Choir Room. The Choir 
Door is oak, richly carved. It was given by Mrs. George Alfred 
Fletcher, in memory of her late husband and in honor of 
Francis Hopkinson, the poet and musician of the Revolution, 
When he was attending the Federal Convention in Philadelphia, 
the organist of Christ Church was taken ill, so Hopkinson vol- 
unteered to take his place. St. Cecilia has therefore been 
carved in the panel of the Door, and below are the drums and 
bugles. These are also hammered in the heavy wrought iron 
hinges forged by Mr. Yellin. The inscription is carved on the 
panels as follows : 

TO THE GLORY OF GOD 

IN HONOR OF 

FRANCIS HOPKINSON 

POET AND MUSICIAN OF THE REVOLUTION 

IN LOVING MEMORY OF 

GEORGE ALFRED FLETCHER 

NOV. 8, 1836 DEC. 14, 1902 

THIS DOOR IS GIVEN BY 

AMELIA E. BERGNER FLETCHER 



78. GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

The Washingtqn-Wood Pulpit, Lectern and Per- 

close. — At the entrarjce to the choir is the Washington- Wood 
memorial, consisting of the pulpit, lectern and perclose, all oi 
Indiana limestone, the gift of Mrs. Alan Wood, Jr. The in- 
scription of dedication is carved on the steps as follows : 

"To the Glory of God and in Memory of Alan 
Wood, Jr. July 6, 1834; October 31, 1902. And in 
Commemoration of George Washington, Warden of 
Truro Parish, Virginia, and Lay Reader in the 
French and Indian War." 

The pulpit follows the lines of the Washington-Sullivan 
font, and is remarkable for its grace and dignity. It bears the 
arms of Washington and the Crusaders' cross, both of which 
are used most effectively in the decoration of the sermon desk of 
cast bronze. The buttresses, and the deep-cut canopies, with 
their groined arches and carved corbels, are used with excellent 
effect. The inscription on the base is : 

"George Washington was first appointed Church 
Warden in Truro Parish. October 3, 1763." 



The lectern is the only monument at Valley Forge to a 
British soldier. It commemorates Washington's service as Gen- 
eral Braddock's aide-de-camp in his ill-fated expedition against 
the French, and especially his last tribute to his dead chief, as 
recorded in the following words : 

"George Washington read the Prayer Book Office 
for the Burial of the Dead at the Interment of 
Major-General Edward Braddock, July 14, 1755." 

The Washington arms are carved on the center of the 
desk. On ihe kfi is an eagle holding the Bible, symbolic 
of the Church, while on the right is another holding a shield 
bearing the arms of the United States, symbolic of the State. 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 79 

This handsome memorial was dedicated on Washington's 
Birthday, 1909, when for the first time in history a representative 
of the King of England made an address at Valley Forge. His 
Britannic Majesty's Consul, the Hon. Wilfred Powell, grace- 
fully acknowledged the honor paid to the English nation in 
the memorial of Washington, the British soldier, and spoke 
of the Washington Memorial Chapel as the American West- 
minster. 




The Pulpit and Lectern. 

The Rt. Rev. Cortlandt Whitehead, D. D., Bishop of Pitts- 
burgh, in whose diocese Washington acted as an English chaplain, 
delivered an able address on "General Washington as a Church- 



The Washington-Burk Memorial.— On Easter Day, 
1912, was dedicated the Washington-Burk Memorial, given in 
memory of the late Abbie J. Reeves Burk, wife of the Rev. 



8o GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

W. Herbert Burk. The memorial is the bronze statuette "Val- 
ley Forge," the work of the famous American sculptor, Frank- . 
lin Simmons, and was cast by G. Nisini, in Rome. It is 
pronounced the finest statue of Washington since Houdon's 
wonderful work preserved in the capitol at Richmond. The 
statuette sets in a richly carved canopied niche by the lectern. 

Engraved on the statuette is the following inscription: 

in thankful remembrance of 
; god's gracious support 

of his servant 
' george washington 

in his days of trial at 

valley forge 

and in loving memory of 

abbie j. reeves burk 

whose patriotism and devotion 

are embodied in this chapel 

this statuette is gwen by her friends 

faster, i9i2 

Old Glory and the Washington-Lafayette Flag. — 

The beautiful silk American flag by the pulpit was given by 
Mr. Robert Stinson, as his parting gift to the Chapel on the 
eve of his departure for service in France. By the statue of 
Washington is the Washington-Lafayette flag, with the thirteen 
stars embroidered with the names of the Colonies. This was 
formally presented to the Chapel by Mr. Rodman Wanamaker 
on Bastille Day, 1918. On the stafi: is a shield bearing this in- 
scription : 

PRESENTED TO 

WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL 

BASTILLE DAY 

JULY 14, I918 

BY 

RODMAN WANAMAKER 

OFFICER LEGION d' HO"^rEUR 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 8l 

As this chapel was inspired by Washington's Prayer at 
Valley Forge it will be an appropriate place in which to read 
the story as it has been preserved in the traditions of the de- 
scendants from Isaac Potts, who first told it. This nrmr.nt is 
taken from a paper in the handwriting of Ruth Anna, his 
daughter. 

"In 1777, while the American army lay at Valley Forge, a 
good old Quaker by the name of Potts had occasion to pass 




Washington at Prayer at Valley Forge. 

through a thick wood near headquarters. As he traversed the 
dark brown forest, he heard, at a distance before him, a voice 
which as he advanced became more fervid and interested. Ap- 
proaching with slowness and circumspection, whom should he 
behold in a dark bower, apparently formed for the purpose, but 
the Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the United Colonies 
on his knees in the act of devotion to the Ruler of the uni- 
verse! At the moment when Friend Potts, concealed by the 



82 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

trees, came up, Washington was interceding for his beloved 
country. With tones of gratitude that labored for adequate 
expression, he adored that exuberant goodness which, from 
the depth of obscurity, had exalted him to the head of a 
great nation, and that nation fighting at fearful odds for all 
the world holds dear. 

"He utterly disclaimed all ability of his own for this arduous 
conflict; he wept at the thought of that irretrievable ruin 
which his mistakes might bring on his country, and with 
the patriot's pathos spreading the interests of unborn millions 
before the eye of Eternal Mercy, he implored the aid of that 
arm which guides the starry host. Soon as the General had 
finished his devotions and had retired, Friend Potts returned 
to his house, and threw himself into a chair by the side of his 
wife. 

" 'Hegh ! Isaac !' said she with tenderness, 'thee seems agi- 
tated; what's the matter?' 'Indeed, my dear,' quoth he, 'if I 
appear agitated 'tis no more than what I am. I have seen this 
day what I shall never forget. Till now I have thought that a 
Christian and a soldier were characters incompatible; but if 
George Washington be not a man of God, I am mistaken, and 
still more shall I be disappointed if God do not through him 
perform some great thing for this country.' " 

(Isaac Potts was then 27, having been married at the age 
of 20, at Plymouth Meeting, 6th December, 1770, to Martha, 
daughter of Samuel and Mary (Livezy) Bolton, born May 28, 
1750.) 

The Choir. — Beyond the Washington-Wood Memorial 
Pulpit, Perclose and Lectern is the Choir of the Chapel. This 
will be one of the most beautiful parts of the Chapel when it is 
completely furnished with choir stalls, pews, pew-screens and 
flags. The choir stalls now in place are beautiful in design and 
marvelous in execution, rivaling the greatest examples of the 
carver's art as seen in the churches and cathedrals of Europe. 
They were designed by Mr. Milton B. Medary, Jr., the architect 
of the Chapel, and carved by Mr. Edward Maene, of Philadel- 
phia. Each stall commemorates a brigade at Valley Forge, 
ibeginning with the Life Guard of the Commander-in-Chief. 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 83 

Continental soldiers, carved in oak, with their uniforms cor- 
rectly colored, stand in the niches. In the stalls are retained 
the misereres of Europe. Each is elaborately carved, and where 
arms are used these are colored. 

The Commander-in-Chief's Guard.— The first stall 
was given by Miss Harriet Blanchard, in honor of Washington's 
Life Guard. The following inscription is carved on the stall- 

To THE GLORY OF GOD 
IN HONOUR OF THE 
OFFICERS AND MEN 
OF THE ARMY OF 
THE UNITED COLONIES 
WHOSE FIDELITY, ZEAL 
AND FORTITUDE AT 
VALLEY FORGE 
PROVED THEM WORTHY OF 
THE ENVIABLE PRIVILEGE 
OF CONTENDING FOR THE 
RIGHTS OF HUMAN NATURE 
THE FREEDOM AND INDEPEN- 
DENCE OF THEIR COUNTRY 
THESE CHOIR STALLS 
ARE DEDICATED 

THIS STALL IS GIVEN IN 

HONOUR OF THE 
COMMANDER IN CHIEF's 

GUARD 

BY HARRIET BLANCHARD 

I917 

The inscription is surmounted by the arms of the United 
States and surrounded by the seals of the thirteen Colonies. 
The motto of the Life Guard, CONQUER OR DIE, is carved 
•on a ribband below the panel. The arms of the Diocese of 
Pennsylvania are carved on the miserere. 




The Choir. 



THE WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 85 

The Wayne Brigade. — The stall in memory of the 
Wayne Brigade was given by the Pennsylvania Society of the 
Sons of the Revolution, and the seal of the Society is carved 
on the panel and the insignia, reverse and obverse, on the lower 
corners. The Colonial seal of Pennsylvania is carved on the 
miserere. The inscription is : 

PRESENTED BY 

THE PENNSYLVANIA SOCIETY OE 

SONS OF THE REVOLUTION 

I917 

The dedication of the stall took place June 22, 1918. 
William C. Wilson, Esq., made the historical address and pre- 
sented the memorial on behalf of the Society. 

The Conway Brigade. — The third stall commemorates 
the Pennsylvania regiments in the brigade at one time com- 
manded by General Conway. It was given by Miss Frances A. 
Roberts, in memory of Elizabeth Cuthbert Roberts, 2nd. and her 
ancestor, John Roberts. Below the family arms is this in- 
scription : 

IN mEmoriam 

Elizabeth cuthbert Roberts, 2nd 

direct descendant of john roberts of 

CAERNAREORSHIRE, north WALES, WHO 

CAME TO THIS COUNTRY IN 1683 AND SETTLED 

IN MERION ON THE SITE OF THE PRESENT 

ROBERTS' HOMESTEAD, PENCOYD 

The arms of the Washington Memorial Chapel are carved 
on the miserere. 

The Muhlenberg Brigade.— The Muhlenberg Brigade 
is commemorated in the fourth stall, which was given in memory 
of Captain Morris, of the Light Horse of the City of Philadel- 
phia, by his descendants. The arms of the family are carved at 
the top of the panel and a portrait bas-relief of Captain Morris 
below the inscription. In the corners are a cat and a rabbit, 



86 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

and these appear again on the miserere, on which is also carved 
a cat carrying a rabbit. These are reminders of the family legend 
that in the early days of settlement in Pennsylvania when once 
the larder was empty, in response to prayer the cat brought in 
a rabbit and saved the settlers from hunger. The inscription 
is as follows : 

To THE GLORY OF GOD 

AND IN MEMORY OF THE SER\T:CES 

RENDERED HIS COUNTRY BY 

SAMUEL MORRIS — CAPTAIN 

FROM 1776 TO 1786 OF 

THE LIGHT HORSE OF THE CITY OF 

PHILADELPHIA 

SERVING AS A BODY GUARD TO GENERAL 

WASHINGTON DURING THE REVOLUTION * 

AT PHILADELPHIA AND SURROUNDING 

COUNTRY AND PARTICIPATING IN THE 

BATTLES OF MONMOUTH, PRINCETON 

AND GERMANTOWN, ETC., ETC. 

HE WAS ALSO GOVERNOR FOR 46 

YEARS OF THE STATE IN SCHUYLKILL 

PHILADELPHIA FISH HOUSE AND A 

DIRECT DESCENDANT OF 

ANTHONY MORRIS 2ND OF LONDON 

WHO ARRI\^D IN THIS COUNTRY IN 1682 

The Varnum Brigade. — The fifth stall commemorates 
General Varnum's Brigade and was given by Henry Reed Hat- 
field, Esq., in memory of his ancestor, Nathan Hatfield. The 
inscription is as follows : 

PRESENTED BY 
HENRY REED HATFIELD, ESQUIRE 
IN MEMORY OF HIS ANCESTOR 

NATHAN HATFIELD 
OF THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMY 

On the miserere are carved the arms of the Diocese of 
Pennsylvania. 

The General Huntington Brigade. — The sixth stall 
commemorates the officers and men of General Huntington's 



THE WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 8/ 

Brigade at Valley Forge. It was given by Mr. George L. Har- 
rison, in memory of his wife, Emily McMichael Harrison. The 
family crest and motto, ABSQUE VIRTUTE NIHIL, are 
carved above the inscription, which is as follows : 
george l. harrison 
erects this sedile in 
loving memory of 
his devoted wife 
Emily mc michael harrison 

MARCH 1ST, 1833 
NOVEMBER I7TH, 1902 

The shield of the United States is carved on the corbel of 
the miserere. . 

The Flags of the Revolution.— Over the Choir Stalls 
are the Flags of the Revolution, beautiful reproductions in silk 
of the flags carried by the Continental troops in the struggle 
for independence. To provide fresh flags from time to time, 
and to extend the influence of Valley Forge, it is planned to 
create a Flag Fund by charging $1,000 for the privilege of giving 
each flag. The income of this fund will be used to purchase 
new flags, and the old flags will be sent in rotation to the 
Governors of the States to be given to schools, so that the flags 
which have hung in the Chapel will eventually hang in the 
school houses of the country. It is hoped that the fund will be 
large enough to provide for the gift of a flag to a State in 
every month of the year. 

The following is a list of the flags with their donors : 

1. The Commander-in-Chief's Standard, over the Com- 
mander-in-Chief's Stall. The gift of Messrs. Charles C. Har- 
rison, Jr., & Company, of Philadelphia. 

2. The Flag of the First Pennsylvania (Continental) Line 
Regiment. This hangs over the General Wayne Brigade Choir 
Stall, and, like the Stall, was given by the Pennsylvania Society, 
Sons of the Revolution. 

3. An Early National Flag. The flag with the thirteen 
alternate red and white stripes with the thirteen stars in a circle 
on a blue field was one of the early forms of the national 
standard. It was given by Mr. Stephen Greene, of Philadelphia. 



88 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

4. The Pulaski Banner. The cavalry guidon of crimson 
silk is a reproduction of that made by the Moravian sisters 
and presented by the women of Baltimore, Md., to the inde- 
pendent corps raised in that city by Count Pulaski. It was 
given by Messrs. Aaron Hess, Son & Howell, of Atlanta, 
Georgia, for many years business and personal friends of 
Mr. Charles Custis Harrison. 

The General Huntington Door. — The door on the 
right, leading into the clergy vestry is a memorial of General 
Jedediah Huntington and was given by his descendants. General 
Huntington commanded a brigade of Connecticut troops, which 
was encamped near Fort Huntington. The hardware on this 
door is notable both for design and workmanship, and won a 
prize at the Americanization Exhibition. It is the work of 
Samuel Yellin, the great artist in iron work. The arms of the 
Huntington family occupy the upper portion of the central panel. 
Cut in the oak is the following inscription : 

To THE GLORY OF GOD AND IN 

HONOR OF JEDEDIAH HUNTINGTON 

BRIGADIER GENERAL 

CONTINENTAL ARMY 

I 777- I 783 

THIS DOOR IS GIVEN BY HIS DESCENDANTS 

The Prayer Desk. — The Prayer Desk is the gift of the 
Valley Forge Chapter, D. A. R., in memory of Mrs. Anna Morris 
Holstein, its first Regent and Founder, to whom the Nation so 
largely owes the preservation of Washington's Headquarters. 
It was dedicated June 19, 1916. At its dedication addresses weT 
made by Mrs. William Gumming Story, President-General of the 
Daughters of the American Revolution, and the Rev. W. Herbert 
Burk. The presentation was made by Mrs. Irwin Fisher. 

The inscription is cut in bra?? and inlaid with pewter, and 
bears the arm? of Wa?hington, the Washington Memorial 
Chapel, the Diocese of Pennsylvania, and the insignia of the 
Daughters of the American Pevolution: 

TO THE GLORY OF GOD AND IN MEMORY OF 
ANNA MORRIS HOLSTEIN. WHO IN WAR SERVED THE NATION AS A 



THE WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 89 

NURSE AND IN PEACE PRESERVED THE WASHINGTON HEADQUARTERS, 

THIS DESK IS GIVEN BY THE VALLEY FORGE CHAPTER^ D. A. R. 

OF WHICH SHE WAS THE FOUNDER AND FIRST REGENT, I916 




The Prayer Desk. 

The Memorial Organ, — The Memorial Organ is the gift 
of Mr. William L. Austin, of Philadelphia, in memory of his 
ancestor, Lieutenant David Snyder, of the Light Dragoons. 
The Organ was built by the Haskell Organ Company, of Phila- 
delphia. It is a three manual pipe organ, electro-pneumatic 
action, and has twenty stops. It was first used when two hun- 



90 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

dred and fifty sailors and marines, after silent prayer for the 
Nation, sang America with this fine instrument. It was formally 
dedicated by the Right Reverend Thomas J. Garland, S.T.D., 
November 17, 1917. The presentation was made by Mr. William 
L. Austin, and the gift was accepted by the Rev. W. Herbert 
Burk, During the organ recital, which followed the dedication, 
Mr. Frederick Maxson gave for the first time the Memorial 
Fantasia, written by him for this occasion and dedicated to 
Mr. Austin. The tablet on the console bears the following 
inscription : 

FOR THE PRAISE OF GOD 

AND IN MEMORY OF HIS REVOLUTIONARY ANCESTOR 

DAVID SNYDER, LIEUTENANT OF LIGHT DRAGOONS OF PHILADELPHIA 

THIS ORGAN IS PRESENTED BY WILLIAM L. AUSTIN OF 

PHILADELPHIA 

The Memorial Choristerships.— In order to maintain 
for all time at Valley Forge a national choir representative of 
the musical ability of the American people, an endowment fund 
must be secured. To this end perpetual choristerships are 
planned, each of which may be made a memorial and bear the 
name of the person commemorated or that of the donor. The 
income of each will be used for a chorister's salary. The 
Memorial Choristerships will be endowed in the sums of $25,000, 
$10,000 and $5,000 each. 

The Memorial Lamps — The Memorial Lamps were 
designed by Mr. Milton B. Medary, Jr., and were made by 
Mr. Hollingsworth Pierce. They are hand-carved lead, adorned 
with illuminated inscriptions and family arms, and are graceful 
in design and decorative in effect. Each lamp contains six 
electric lights and is suspended from the ceiling by blue and 
white cords. The lamps are arranged in the following order, 
beginning in the choir in front of the organ consul and reading 
from west to east : 

The Benjamin Rush Lamp — 

BENJAMIN RUSH, M.D. 

SIGNER OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 

PHYSICIAN, STATESMAN, PHILOSOPHER 



THE WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 9I 

SURGEON AND PHYSICIAN GENERAL AMERICAN ARMY AT 

VALLEY FORGE, 1 777" 1 778 

BORN DEC. 24, 1745. DIED APRIL 1 9, 1813 

PRESENTED BY HIS GREAT GRANDDAUGHTER 

CATHERINE MURRAY RUSH (MRS. WILLIAM MASTERS CAMAC) 

The Maurice Heckscher Lamp — 

IN MEMORIAM 
MAURICE HECKSCHER 
NOVEMBER 22ND, 1 865 
SEPTEMBER 29TH, 1905 
REQUIESCAT IN PACE 

The Theodore E. Wiedersheim Lamp- 
To The glory of GOD 

and in memory of 

Theodore e. wiedersheim 

1846-1916 

GIVEN- BY KATHARINE W, SCULL 
AND WILLIAM A. WIEDERSHEIM, 2ND 

The John Harrison Lamp — 

IN memory of my dear husband 

JOHN HARRISON 
born march 20TH, 1834 
DIED FEBRUARY 8TH, I9O9 

The Fleurette De Benneville Bell Lamp— 

IN memory of 
FLEURETTE DE BEN NEVILLE BELL 

1861-I916 
WIFE OF JOHN CROMWELL BELL 

The Virginia Lamp — 

THE GIFT OF 

WM. WINDER LAIRD 

OF WILMINGTON, DELAWARE 

IN AFFECTIONATE REMEMBRANCE OF 

VIRGINIA 

The Theodore Roosevelt Lamp — 

TO THE GLORY OF GOD 
AND IN HONOR OF 
THEODORE ROOSEVELT . 

GIVEN BY DAVID REEVES ^ ' 



92 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

The Frederick McOwen Lamp — 

PRESENTED BY 

FREDERICK MCOWEN 

WHO SERVED HIS COUNTRY 

THROUGHOUT THE CIVIL WAR 

1861-1865 

The Francis Forbes Milne Lamp — 

IN GRATEFUL MEMORY OF 

1837 FRANCIS FORBES MILNE I912 

THE GIFT OF HIS WIDOW 

ANNIE CLYDE MILNE, I918 

The William Simpson Lamp — 

IN MEMORY OF 

WILLIAM SIMPSON 

APRIL 21, 1812 — JUNE 28, 1888 

THE LORD SHALL BE UNTO THEE 

AN EVERLASTING LIGHT 

THE GIFT OF ELLEN SIMPSON BROWN 

The William Elliott Lamp — 

IN MEMORY OF WILLIAM ELLIOTT 

WHO SERVED AS A COLOR BEARER UNDER 

COL. WASHINGTON AT BRADDOCK's DEFEAT 

WILLIAM ELLIOTT WAS GRANTED 2000 ACRES OF LAND 

FOR HIS SERVICCS RENDERED COL, WASHINGTON 

IN RALLYING THE AMBUSCADED TROOPS 

The Charles Custis Harrison Lamp — 

THE GIFT OF 

WALTER E. HERING 

OF PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 

A TOKEN OF MANY YEARS 

OF MUTUAL FRIENDSHIP WITH 

CHARLES CUSTIS HARRISON 

The J. Franklin McFadden Lamp — 

THE GIFT OF 

J. FRANKLIN MC FADDEN 

I9IO — CAPTAIN FIRST TROOP — 1917 

PHILADELPHIA CITY CAVALRY 



THE WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 93 

The Gershom Flagg Lamp — 

THE GIFT OF 
STANLEY GEISWOLD FLAGG, JR. 

IN MEMORY OF 

LIEUTENANT GERSHOM FLAGG 

i6TH APRIL, 164I— 6th JULY, 169O 

The Sanctuary. — At the entrance to the Sanctuary is the 
beautiful Sanctuary Arch. Carved in its deeply cut moulding 
are forty-four shields bearing the arms of those States which 
were in the Union when the corner-stone of the Chapel was 
laid. 

The Chancel Rail. — The Chancel Rail at the entrance 
of the Sanctuary was given by Miss Caroline S. Sinkler, in 
memory of Eckley Brinton Coxe, Jr. It is of hand-carved oak, 
upholstered in blue and white velvet and the kneeling cushions 
are of the same material. Beneath the rail is cut the following 
inscription : 

To THE GLORY OF GOD AND IN GRATEFUL AND REVERENT 

MEMORY OF 

ECKLEY BRINTON COXE, JR. 

The Altar and the Reredos. — The Altar and Reredos 
are the gift of Mr. Rodman Wanamaker in memory of George 
Washington. The Altar is one block of Indiana limestone weigh- 
ing ten tons. In the face is set the plate from Washington's 
overbox. This fell, on the floor of the vault and was overlooked 
when the sarcophagus was sealed. It bears the following 
inscription : 

GEORGE WASHINGTON 
BORN FEBRUARY 22, 1 732 . 
DIED DECEMBER 14, 1799 

The inscription on the Altar is: 

TO THE GLORY OF GOD 
AND 

IN MEMORY OF 

GEORGE WASHINGTON 

AND 

HIS FELLOW PATRIOTS 

WHO ACHIEVED OUR INDEPENDENCE 

AND 

GAVE LIBERTY TO OUR COUNTRY 

RODMAN WANAMAKER 

A. D. I916 I I 



94 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



Cut in the steps leading to the Altar are the following lines 
by Alfred Tennyson : 

"his work is done; 
but while the race of mankind endure, 
let his great example stand 
colossal seen of every land, 
and keep the soldier firm, the statesman pure, 
till in all lands, and thro' all human story, 
the path of duty be the way of glory." 




NamE-PlATE FROM THE OuTER CaSE OF WASHINGTON'S COFFIN. 

Washington's Prayer for the Nation will be hammered in 
silver and set on the tall stone base of the cross. This was 
a part of "Washington's Legacy/' as it was called, written at 
Newburg, June 8, 1783. It is used daily in the Chapel, in a 
slightly modified form. The original form is : "I now make it 
my earnest prayer, that God would have the United States in 
His holy protection; that He would incline the hearts of the 
citizens to cultivate a spirit of subordination and obedience to 
government ; to entertain a brotherly affection and love for one 
another, for their fellow citirens of the United States at large,, 
and particularly for their brethren who have served in the field ; 



THE WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 95 

and finally, that He would most graciously be pleased to dispose 
us all to do justice, to love mercy, and to demean ourselves with 
that charity, humility and pacific temper of mind, which were 
the characteristics of the Divine Author of our blessed religion, 
and without an humble imitation of whose example in these 
things, we can never hope to be a happy Nation." 

The Altar Cross. — The Altar Cross is a memorial of 
Abraham Lincoln and is the gift of "A Descendant of a Penn- 
sylvania Ancestor of President Lincoln." It is carved wood, 
painted and gilded. The figures of the four EvangeHsts are 
carved ivory. The inscription is : 

TO THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN 
1809 1865 

It stands in a deep niche and is raised several feet above 
the altar by a buttressed base of Indiana limestone on which are 
carved two angels in adoration. Above it is a richly carved 
stone canopy, whose pinnacles rise above the window sill over 
the reredos. 

The Altar Vases. — The Altar Vases are made of wood, 
carved, gilded and painted. The one on the left was given by 
Mrs. William H. Whitridge, in memory of First Lieutenant 
Thomas Johnston, of the Continental Army. It bears the fol- 
lowing inscription : 

TO THE GLORY OF GOD AND IN MEMORY OF THOMAS 
JOHNSTON, I744-1819, FIRST LIEUTENANT PENNSYLVA- 
NIA BATTALION, WOUNDED AT LONG ISLAND, LIEUTEN- 
ANT I3TH PENNA. REGIMENT CONTINENTAL LINE, AND 
THOMAS TEACKLE HI APRIL I5, 1735 — AUGUST I5, 
1784 MEMBER OF THE VIGILANCE COMMITTEE OE 
ACCOMAC COUNTY, VA. 
GIVEN BY MRS. WILLIAM H. WHITRIDGE 

The arms of Washington, the Washington Memorial Chapel, 
and of the Diocese of Virginia and Pennsylvania are painted 
on the vase. 

The National Society of the United States Daughters of 
1812 gave the five vases, in honor of George Washington, the 
first President of the United States. On each vase are painted 
the insignia of the Society, the arms of Washington, of the 



96 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

Diocese of Pennsylvania and the Washington Memorial Chapel. 
Each vase bears this inscription : 

To GEORGE WASHINGTON, IlKST PRESIDENT OF THE 
UNITED STATES, FIRST IN PEACE 1 784- 1 799, NATIONAL 
SOCIETY UNITED STATES DAUGHTERS OF l8l2 

The Victory Lay Memorial Flowers.— Every day of 
the year commemorates a victory of the American flag, and the 
founder of the Chapel has made the happy suggestion that these 
days should be. kept at Valley Forge by placing fresh flowers 
on the Washington altar, in honor of the men who won these 
victories. As the flowers may be given in memory of any per- 
son or event, in most cases they will have that double significance 
which is such an interesting feature of the Chapel. Special 
days, such as birthdays or anniversaries may be kept by pro- 
viding the flowers for those days, or they may be endowed for 
perpetual commemoration. By giving $200 for the endowment 
of a day the annual income of this amount will be used to place 
flowers on the Washington altar in honor of the person or event 
commemorated. The following days have been endowed in 
perpetuity : 

April 3 — In memory of Alvah Crocker, Jr., 2nd Lieutenant 
Engineer Reserve Officers Corps, U. S, A., who died in the 
service of his country June 15. 1918. The gift of his mother, 
Mrs. Charlotte Crocker, Fitchburg, Mass. 

April 7 — In memory of Harriet Slade Crombie, daughter of 
Mrs. W. Gerry Slade, President of the National Society United 
States Daughters of 1812, State of New York. Given by the 
Society, 

May 2-/ — In commemoration of the Founding of the State 
Society and in memory of the first State President, Mrs. Louis 
Williams Hall. Given by the National Society United States 
Daughters of 1812, State of Pennsylvania. 

August II — In memory of Henry Tetlow. Given by his 
wife, Mrs. Eliza Jarman Tetlow. 

The Altar Book-Rest.— The Altar Book-Rest was given 
by the members of the Washington Chapel Guild, in memory 
of one of its first and most devoted members, Mrs. Winfield 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 97 

Wilson. It is of cast bronze and bears, in addition to the 
I H S and the cross, the arms of Washington. The inscription 
reads : 

IN MEMORY OF EMMA JANE WILSON, AUGUST 3I, 1825 — 
' SEPTEMBER 18, 1907. THE GIFT OF THE , WASHINGTON 
GUILD 

The Credence. — 1ih<$ Credence on the right bears the 
insignia of the Daughters of the American Revolution and the 
following inscription : 

Dedicated to the Glory of God 

AND IN Memory of its First Regent, 

Minnie Murdoch Kendrick, 

this Credence is Erected 

BY the 

Quaker City Chapter 

Daughters of the American Revolution 

September 5, 1916. ; ; 




Seal of the Washington Memorial Chapel. 



98 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

It was dedicated September 5, 1916, when Murdoch Ken- 
drick, Esq., made the presentation on behalf of the Chapter, and 
addresses were made by the Hon. Morris S. Barratt, Judge of 
the Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia, and T. Lane Bean, 
Esq., of Norristown. 

The credence on the left or Gospel side of the altar was 
given by Mr. and Mrs. Edward B. Robinette. 

The Sedilia. — The stone sedilia, or clergy seats, with their 
richly carved canopies, commemorate Washington's Rectors and 
thus tell of his religious life, and bear witness to his devotion 
to the Church, of which he was a devout and active member. 
Among his rectors were two bishops of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church Bishop White and Bishop Provoost. 

The Bishop White Sedile.- The Bishop's Sedile is the 
central one on the left, beneath the Bishop White Window. It 
was given by Mrs. Charles Custis Harrison, in memory of the 
Rt. Rev. William White, D.D., a Rector of Christ Church, 
Philadelphia, Chaplain of the Continental Congress, Chaplain of 
Congress, and first Bishop of Pennsylvania. During Washing- 
ton's residence in Philadelphia he made Christ Church his 
church home, and Bishop White his friend, pastor and almoner. 
The crocketed arch above the sedile has as its finial a bishop's 
miter. Beneath the canopy are carved the arms of the Diocese 
of Pennsylvania, with the miter, crozier and key. The cushions 
of all the sedilia were given by Mrs. Harrison, and are made of 
blue and white velvet, as these were the colors of Washington's 
Life Guard. 

The Rev. Lee Massey and the Rev. Bryan Fairfax 
Sedile. — The sedile to the right was given in by the members 
of the Washington Memorial Chapel and of the Church of the 
Advent, Cape May, N. J., in memory of the Rev. Francis 
Thornrson Howell Finn, the first assistant minister of the 
Chapel, and in honor of two of Washington's rectors, the 
Rev. Lee Massey and the Rev. Bryan Fairfax. It was dedicated 
June 19, 1918, when the Rev. W. Herbert Burk paid a well- 
deserved tribute to his beloved friend and co-worker who 



THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 99 

labored with such zeal and self-sacrifice for the upbuilding of , 
the congregation and endeared himself to the whole com- 
munity. The inscription is as follows: 

TO THE GLORY OF GOD 

AND IN HONOR OF THE j 

REVEREND LEE MASSEY i 

RECTOR OF TRURO PARISH, VIRGINIA 

1767— 1777 

AND OF THE 

REVEREND BRYAN FAIRFAX 

RECTOR OF CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 

1790—1792 

AND IN MEMORY OF THE 

REV. FRANCIS THOMPSON HOWELL FINN 

FIRST ASSISTANT MINISTER OF THE 

WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL 

I906-I9IO 

THIS SEDILE TS GIVEN BY THE 

CONGREGATIONS OF THE WASHINGTON 

MEMORIAL CHAPEL 

AND OF THE CHURCH OF THE ADVENT 

CAPE MAY, NEW JERSEY 

I918 

The Rev. David Griffith Sedile.- The sedile to the 
left of the bishops' sedile was given by the Pennsylvania Society 
of New England Women, in honor of the Rev. David Griffith, 
one of Washington's rectors, and of the Rev. William Montague, 
rector of Christ Church, Boston, Mass., 1786-1792. It was dedi- 
cated May 10, 1917. The sedile was presented by Mrs. C. 
Howard Clark, Jr., President of the Society, and accepted by 
the Rev. W. Herbert Burk. Addresses were made by the Rev. 
William H. Dewart, rector of Christ Church, Boston, and the 
Rev. Floyd W. Tomkins. rector of Holy Trinity Church, Phila- 
delphia. Below the insignia of the Society is the following 
inscription : 



100 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

TO THE GLORY OF 

GOD 

AND IN MEMORY OF 

REV, DAVID GRIFFITH 

SECTOR OF CHRIST CHURCH 

ALEX AIM L»n.iA, flRUlitxrk, X/zy-i/B^ 

AND OF 

REV. WILLIAM MONTAGUE 

RECTOR OF CHRIST CHURCH 

BOSTON, MASS., I786-I792 

WHO IN HIS YOUTH FOR HIS COUNTRY 

AND IN OLD AGE FOR HIS CHURCH 

TALIANTLY VOUGHT 

PLACED BY 

THE PENNSYLVANIA SOCIETY OF 

NEW ENGLAND WOMEN 

I916 

The Bishop Provoost Sedile.- Opposite the bishops* 

sedile is that given by the late Mrs. John L. Harrison, in honor 
of the Rt. Rev. Samuel Provoost, the first bishop of New York, 
and of one of her ancestors, Lieutenant Joseph Gibbs, of the 
Massachusetts Militia. Bishop Provoost was an ardent patriot 
and served as chaplain of the Continental Congress when it 
removed from Trenton to New York. He also served as 
chaplain of the United States Senate. He read the prayers in 
St. Paul's Church after Washington's inauguration. Jlie in- 
scription is: 

TO THE GLORY OF GOD 

IN HONOR OF THE 

RIGHT REVEREND SAMUEL PROVOOST 

FIRST BISHOP OF NEW YORK 

AND IN MEMORY OF 

JOSEPH GIBBS, I727-1805 

LIEUTENANT 3RD MIDDLESEX REGIMENT 

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, 1759 

LIEUTENANT MASSACHUSETTS MILITIA 

WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 

THIS SEDILE IS GIVEN BY 

HIS GREAT-GRANDDAUGHTER 

EMILY LELAND HARRISON 

I917 



THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 10 1 

The Rev. Thomas Davis Sedile.— To the left of the 

Bishop Provoost Sedile is that given by Philadelphia Chapter, 
Daughters of the American Revolution, in honor of the Rev. 
Thomas Davis, Washington's last rector. He officiated at his 
funeral. The sedile bears the insignia of the Society and the 
following inscription: 

TO THE GLORY OF GOD 

AND IN MEMORY OF THE 

REVEREND THOMAS DAVIS 

SOLDIER IN THE CONTINENTAL ARMY 

I775-I778 

UNDER GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON 

RECTOR OF CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VA. 

I792-1806 

OFFICIATED AT THE FUNERAL OF 

GEORGE WASHINGTON 

PLACED BY THE 

PHILADELPHIA CHAPTER 

DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 

I916 

The Rev. Charles Green Sedile.— The sedile to the 
right of the Bishop Provoost Sedile was given by the Society 
of the Cincinnati, in honor of Washington, the first president 
general of the Society, and of the Rev. Charles Green, M.D., 
one of Washington's rectors. The insignia of the Society is 
carved above the inscription, which is as follows: 

TO THE GLORY OF GOD 

AND IN HONOR OF 

GEORGE WASHINGTON 

THE FIRST PRESIDENT GENERAL OF THE 

SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI 

AND IN MEMORY OF THE 

REVEREND CHARLES GREEN, M.D- 

FIRST REGULAR RECTOR OF 

TRURO PARISH, VIRGINIA 

I 737-1 765 

THIS SEDILE IS GIVEN RY THE 
SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI 



I02 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



The Memorial Windows.— The greatest glory of the 
Washington Memorial Chapel is to be found in the memorial 
windows, in which the glorious colors of the old world glass 
depict the story of the new world, its discovery and development. 
Created in the style and with the long-lost spirit of the world- 
famous windows of Cl>artres Cathedral, France, they entrance 
the eye and inspire the soul. For these great works of art 
America is indebted to the talented artist Nicola D'Ascenzo, in 
whose studios in Philadelphia they were designed and* made. 




Copyright, Nicola D'Ascenzo 

Cartoon— Three Saints of the English Church 

St. Augustine, St. Columba and 

St. Patrick 

The artist has faithfully followed the theme of the founder of 
the Chapel in all its breadth of vision and minuteness of detail. 
Briefly, the theme is this • Beginning with the great window over 
the altar, which represents the Lord Jesus Christ filling all life 
and giving to men the fuller life ; the window to the left teils 
of the carrying of the Gospel to the Nations of the Earth. 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 103 

Over the pulpit will be a window representing the new birth seen 
in the freedom of thought, and over the lectern, one showing the 
freedom of the Bible. Then follow the windows of Discovery, 
Settlement, Expansion, Development, Revolution, Patriotism, 
Democracy and Union. The last window, over the entrance, 
shows the union of all these influences of religion, literature, 
art, science and institutions in the greatest American, the Father 
of his Country. The visitor will find this plan helpful in study- 
ing the windows : 

The Sanctuary. 

I. Jesus Christ and The Abundant Life. 

Service Through Sacrifice. 

2. Jesus Christ and the Nations. 

The Nave. 



3. 


The New Birth and the 


4. Freedom Th 




New Freedom. 






5. 


Discovery. 




6. Settlement. 


7- 


Expansion. 




8. Development. 


9. 


The Revolution. 




10. Patriotism. 


:i. 


Democracy. 




12. Union. 




13. 


The American. 



As in the other memorials, the windows carry in most 
cases a double commemoration, which is as follows : 
The Sanctuary. 
I. Martha Washington. 
2. The Right Rev. William White, 
The Nave. 
3. Benjamin Franklin. 4. Thomas Jefferson. 

5. Nathanael Greene. 6. Lafayette. 

7. Anthony Wayne. 8. Robert Morris. 

9. John Paul Jones and 10. Dr. John Houston. 

Richard Dale. 
II. Alexander Hamilton. 12. Benjamin Lincoln. 

13. George Washington. 
The windows are made in red and blue tones, so that, 
with the white walls between, the national colors are shown 
throughout the Chapel. Each window is based upon a saying 
of our Lord Jesus Christ. 



04 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



THE ABUNDANT LIFE 

SERVICE THROUGH SACRIFICE 

The Martha Washington Window 

The Pennsylvania Society, Colonial Dames of America, had 
the honor of giving the wonderful window over the altar as a 
memorial of Martha Washington. Its theme is service through 
sacrifice, and in its conception the dominant thought was the 
words of our Lord Jesus Christ : 'T am come that they might 
have life and that they might have it more abundantly." The 
top represents the angelic hierarchy, as representing God's 
providence. In the lower openings He is shown in relation to 
man's fivefold inheritance, of which the following is a key: 



Literature 


Institutions 


Religion 


Science 


Art 


The Law. 

Christ and 
the Doctors. 


The Fanily. 

The Marriage 
at Cana. 


The 

Resurrection. 

The Women 

leaving the 

Tomb. 


Quelling 
the Storm. 


Beauty. 

The Lily of 
the Field. 


The Prophets. 

Jesus reads 
the Prophets. 


The Family. 

Blessing the 
Children 


The 
Crucifixion. 


Healing 
the Sick 


Music. 

The Hymn 

before the 

Crucifixion. 


The Gospel. 

The Sermon 
on the Mount. 


The Church. 
The Kingdom 

of God. 
The Work of 

Dorcas. 


Consecration. 

The 
Baptism . 


Raising 
the Dead. 


Painting. 

Jesus 
the Model. 


Truth. 

Christ before 
PHate. 


The Nation. 

Tribute to 

Caesar. 


Incarnation 

The 
Adoration. 


The 

Sower. 


Sculpture. 
Entering the 
Synagogue at 
Capernaum. 


Freedom. 

In the Wheat 

Fields. 


The Nation. 

The 
Brotherhood 


The 
Pentecost. 


Feeding 

the 

Multitude. 


Architecture. 

Jesus Christ 
with the 
Chapel. 










J 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 105 

The window was dedicated by the Rt. Rev. Philip M. 
Rhinelander, S.T.D., Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, 
June 12, 1919. The address of presentation was made by the 
President of the Society, Mrs. James Starr, Jr., and the his- 
torical address was made by the Rev. Dr. Burk. The inscrip- 
tion of dedication is : 

TO THE GLORY OF GOD 

AND IN HONOR OF 

MARTHA WASHINGTON 

AS A 

MEMORIAL OF SACRIFICE 

THIS WINDOW IS PLACED 

BY THE 
PENNSYLVANIA SOCIETY 

OF THE ' ''' 

COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA 
1918 




Copyright, Nicola D'Ascenzo 

Colleges — 
Washington Receives an Honorary Degree 
FROM THE University of Pennsylvania 



io6 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



2. The Bishop White Window 
The blue window to the left was the gift of the late Miss 
Harriet Blanchard, and was given in honor of the Rt. Rev. 
William White, first Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania. 
It tells the story of the Church's conquest of the world in 
obedience to the great command of the Captain of our Salva- 
tion : "Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every 
creature." Beginning at the top on the right the subjects are: 
(i) St. Peter Preaching at Jerusalem; (2) St. Paul Preaching 
at Antioch; (3) St. Paul Before Nero; (4) The Council of 




»• ^■'■^^.^\6.^r:4i 



Copyright, Nicola D'Ascenzo 
The Evacuation of Boston 

Aries, 314 A. D., attended by three British Bishops; (5) The 
Arch of Constantine, marking the conquest of the Roman 
Empire by the Church of Christ. On the left in the lunette, 
St. Boniface destroys Thor's Oak. (6) The Baptism of 
'^Qovis; (7) Three Saints of the English Church, St. Patrick, 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 



107 



St. Columba and St. Augustine; (8) The Baptism of Poca- 
hontas ; (9) The English Church in America, represented by 
the two great societies the Society for the Propagation of 
Christian Knowledge and the Society for the Propagation of 
the Gospel; (10) The Facade of the Cathedral of St. Peter and 
St. Paul Washington, D. C. The inscription is as follows : 

IN MEMORY OF 

THE RT. REV. WILLIAM WHITE 

FIRST BISHOP OF PENNSYLVANIA' 

THE GIFT OF 

MISS HARRIET BLANCHARD 

IN MEMORY OF HER SISTERS 

ANNA BLANCHARD MARIA BLANCHARD 




Copyright, Nicola D'Ascenzo 

The Battle Between the 

Bon Homme Richard and the Serapis 

The New Birth and the New Freedom 

The Benjamin Franklin Window 
(Not Placed) 



I08 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

4. Freedom Through Truth 

The Thomas Jefferson Window 
(Not Placed) 

5. The Window of Discovery 

The Nathanael Greene Window 
The discovery of America was one of the greatest results 
of the New Birth, or Renaissance, and the window which tells 
the story of those heroic adventurers who crossed the' un- 
charted seas, was given in memory of the late Henry Tetlow, 
by his wife. The window also commemorates General Na- 
thanael Greene. The subjects are as follows, beginning at the 
top on the left, and reading from left to right: (i) The 
Landing of Columbus; (2) John Cabot Discovers North 
America; (3) Americus Vespucius and the Great Discoverers; 
(4) Vasco Nunez de Balboa Discovers the Pacific Ocean; (5) 
Magellen Sails into the Pacific Ocean; (6) Sir Francis Drake 
Receives Communion at the Golden Gate; (7) Jacques Cartier 
takes Possession of the Gaspe Coast; (8) The Burial of 
De Soto, the Discoverer of the Mississippi River; (9) Henry 
Hudson Seeks the Northwest Passage; (10) Alartin Frobisher 
Receives the Tribute of North America; (11) Rev. Richard 
Hakluyt and Henry Hudson; (12) Sir Walter Raleigh and 
his Victory at Cadiz. The religious theme of the window is 
"Seek and ye shall find." 

To THE GLORY OF GOD 

IN HONOR OF MAJOR GENERAL NATHANAEL GREENE 

CONTINENTAL ARMY, VALLEY FORGE 

AND IN LOVING MEMORY OF 

HENRY TETLOW 

THIS WINDOW IS GIVEN BY HIS WIFE 

EUZA JARMAN TBTLOW 

6. The Window of Settlement 

The Lafayette Window 
When France was striving to hold back the Hun and save 
civilization to the world, Mr. Daniel Baugh gave the Lafayette 
Window in appreciation of his services to the American people 
and France's aid in the War of the Revolution. The window 
tells the story of the Settlement of America, and recognizes 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHArEL. 109 

both the racial and rehgious forces involved. At the top on the 
left (i) the Foundation of St. Augustine is represented by 
Menendez leaving the city which he had established, (2) while 
on the right is shown the Settlement of Jamestown. Then 
follow (3) the First Communion at Jamestown, the (4) First 
Deliberative Assembly held in America, representing the Old 
Church and the new State in the new land. Then follow 
(5) the Signing of the Compact in the Cabin of the May- 
flower; (6) The Purchase of Manhattan; (7) The Landing 




Copyright, Nicola D'Ascenzo 

Putnam Leaving the Plow 

of the Swedes; (8) Penn's Treaty with the Indians; (9) 
Pastorius Welcoming the German Immigrants; (10) Granting 
the Franchise to the French Huguenots; (11) The Scotch-Irish 
Settlement, represented by the Rev. William Tennent teaching 
in front of the Log College; and (12) Lord Ogelthorpe firing 
the last Shot at Savannah and the Disappearance of the Spanish 
Ships from the Atlantic Coast. The words of our Lord upon 
which it is based are "Knock and it shall be opened unto you." 



310 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

7. The Window of Expansion 

The General Anthony Wayne Window 
(Not Placed) 

8. The Window of Development 

The Robert Morris Window 
How much of the success of the struggle for Independence 
was due to the patriotism and self-sacrifice of Robert Morris, 
the financier of the Revolution, has never been appreciated by 
the American people. In his honor Mrs. Charles Custis Har- 
rison, his great grand-daughter, has given the Window of 
Development. In its medallions are represented (i) Agricul- 
ture, Washington trying the plow, which he invented ; to the 
right (2) Commerce, Robert Morris loading his ships at Phila- 
delphia; (3) The Stage Coach; (4) The Despatch Rider; (5) 
Schools, Thomas Jefferson and his grandchildren in front of 
the field school which they attended ; (6) Colleges, George 
Washington receiving the degree of Doctor of Laws from the 
University of Pennsylvania, of which Robert Morris was a 
trustee, and for which Mr. Charles Custis Harrison has done 
so much as trustee and provost; (7) Franklin and his Printing 
Press; (8) Robert Morris buying a Copy of the Pennsylvania 
Gazette, in front of Franklin's book-shop next to Christ Church, 
Philadelphia; (9) Literature, Franklin and other writers; (10) 
Religion, Bishop White, the Wesleys and Jonathan Edwards; 
(11) Art, Benjamin West painting the Fall of Wolfe, which 
•created a revolution in English art. By his side are his Ameri- 
can pupils, Gilbert Stuart, John Trumbull and Charles Willson 
Peale. The last subject is (12) Science, in which David 
Rittenhouse is explaining his orerery to Franklin. The religious 
:theme is the parable of the leaven. 
The inscription is as follows : 

IN MEMORY OF 

ROBERT MORRIS 

FINANCIER OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 

THE GIFT OF HIS GREAT-GRANDDAUGHTER 

ELLEN WALN HARRISON 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 111. 

9. The Window of the Revolution 

The John Paul Jones and Richard Dale Window 
The Window of the Revolution was given in honor of 
John Paul Jones and Richard Dale by the descendant of the 
latter, Edward C. Dale. The background of the window is the 
sea, with ships and shells and sea-horses, etc. The story of 
the Revolution is told in the medallions which portray the 
following subjects (i) Tearing down the Stamp Act; (2) 
below it, The Battle of Lexington; (3) Washington Taking^ 
Command at Cambridge; (4) The Evacuation of Boston; (5) 
Washington Crossing the Delaware ; (6) The Surrender of 



'1 . ■'^m 


-<ii'-- 




!<..-■»» ill ■ 


'00M 

. 'r II P- ■: ' ^ ^A 





Copyright, Nicola D'Ascenzo 
Washington Wearing His Uniform 

Burgoyne; (7) at the top on the right, Building the Huts at 
Valley Forge; (8) Martha Washington Ministering to a Sick 
Soldier at Valley Forge ; (9) Celebrating the French Alliance at 
Valley Forge, May 6, 1778; (10) The Battle of the Bon Homme 



112 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

Richard with the Serapis ; (ii) The Surrender of Lord Corn- 
wallis at Yorktown. The last scene (12) represents the return 
of the soldier and the hanging up of the musket. This peace 
note is due to the text of the window : *Tn the world ye shall 
have tribulation: but be of good cheer; I have overcome the 
world," 

10. The Window of Patriotism 

The Dr. John Houston Window 
The decendanls of Dr. John Houston, a surgeon in the 
Revolution, gave the Window of Patriotism in his honor. It 
represents that spirit of patriotism which animated the Ameri- 
can people in the War of the Revolution and in which it was 
fought and won. It includes the following subjects: (i) The 
Spirit of '76; (2) Conciliation, Franklin pleading the cause of 
America in the English Parliament; (3) The Boston Tea 
Party; (4) The Minute Men; (5) Patrick Henry Making his 
Famous Speech ; (6) Reading ''Common Sense" with the author, 
Thomas Paine, standing in the center of the group; (7) 
Putnam Leaving the Plow; (8) Washington Wearing his Uni- 
form; (9) Robert Morris Paying the Troops; (10) Signing 
the Oath of Allegiance at Valley Forge; (11) Ministering to 
the Sick at Valley Forge; (12) Washington and his Troops at 
Valley Forge, suggesting his tribute to them: "Naked and 
starving as they are, we cannot enough admire the incom- 
parable patience and fidelity of the soldiery." The whole 
window is full of the spirit found in our Lord's words : "Who- 
soever shall seek to save his life shall lose it, and whosoever 
shall lose his life shall preserve it." 

11. The Window of Democracy 

The Alexander Hamilton Window 
(Not Placed) 

12. The Window of the Union 

The Benjamin Lincoln Window 
The last window of the national history is that of the 
Union, and is based upon our Lord's great prayer for unity — 
"That they all may be one." It was given by Dr. Thomas G. 
Ashton and Mary Lincoln Ashton, in honor of Major General 
Benjamin Lincoln, who was Mrs, Ashton's great great grand- 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 



113 



father. At the top on the left (i) Brotherhood is represented 
by Washington receiving Lafayette at Mount Vernon ; while 
on the right (2) Jurisprudence is typified by Marshall and 
Story. Then follow these scenes in which are shown the forces 
^hich led to the formation of the American Union, such as : (3) 
Three Party Leaaers m Deoaie; (4) Five Authors of the 
"Federalist"; (5) Five Founders of the Republic; (6) The 
Ship Builders, suggesting Longfellow's lines — "Sail on Thou 
Ship of State"; (7) Hamilton Expounding the Constitution; 
(8) The Union, represented by the arms of the Thirteen 



r mi "* '^ -^ " 




•^.'l^'- .#1 


^1: 


0m^{ 







Copyright, Nicola D'Ascenzo 
HAM11.TON Expounding the Constitution 



States; (9) The First Election of Washington; (10) The First 
Inauguration of Washington; (11) The Arms of the United 
States; (12) The Capitol at Washington. Cut in the stone of 
the sill is the following inscription : 



114 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

TO THE GLORY OF GOD AND IN MEMORY OF 

JANUARY 24, 1723 BENJAMIN LINCOLN MAY 9, I81O 

MAJOR GENERAL IN THE CONTINENTAL ARMY 

WOUNDED AT SARATOGA 

RECEIVED THE SWORD OF LORD CORNWALLIS AT YORKTOWN 

FIRST SECRETARY OF WAR 

THIS WINDOW IS GIVEN BY THOMAS G. ASHTON AND 

MARY LINCOLN ASHTON, HIS GREAT GREAT GRANDDAUGHTER 

13. The American 

The George Washington Window 
In the George Washington Window an attempt has been 
made to picture the Hfe of George Washington as the ideal 
American. In the small openings at the top are shown Wash- 
ington as the young surveyor the Virginia colonel, Commander- 
in-Chief of the American Army and the President of the United 
States. Beneath these are four soldiers of the Revolution. 
Throughout the window are many small pictures of articles 
associated with Washington, as his compass and swords, coach, 
etc. His life is shown in three stages ; Washington the Vir- 
ginian, Washington the Patriot, Washington the American. In 
the six openings are the following scenes in his life : In the 
first opening (i) Baptism of George Washington; (2) Wash- 
ington his own Teacher; (3) Washington the Surveyor; (4) 
Washington the King's Messenger: (5) Washington's First 
Defeat; (6) The Burial of Braddock; in the second opening, (i) 
Washington at Fort Duquesne ; (8) Washington's Marriage ; 
(9) Washington the Planter; (10) Washington the Church 
Builder; (11) Washington Keeps the Fast Day; (12) Wash- 
ington Leaves for the Continental Congress ; in the third open- 
ing, (13) Washington Accepts the Office of Commander-in-Chief 
of the Continental Forces; (14) Washington Fortifies Dor- 
chester Heights; (15) Washington Saves the Army at Long 
Island; (16) Washington Wins the Battle of Princeton; (17) 
Washington's Prayer at Valley Forge; (18) Washington Creates 
the American Army; in the fourth opening, (19) Washington's 
Evacuation of Valley Forge ; (20) Washington Fires the First 
Gun at Yorktown; (21) Washington Thanks Count De Grasse; 
(22) Washington and His Mother Celebrate the Victory; (23) 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 115 

Washington Quells a Rebellion; (24) Washington Surrenders 
His Commission; in the fifth opening, (25) Peace on Earth; 
(26) Washington at Home; (27) Washington Presides at the 
Federal Convention; (28) Washington Visits Valley Forge; 

(29) Washington is Notified of His Election as President; 

(30) Washington Receives His Mother's Blessing; in the sixth 
•opening, (31) The President's Preparation; (32) Washington 
and His First Cabinet ; (33) Washington Lays the Corner-Stone 
of the Capitol; (34) Washington and the Farewell Address; 

(35) Sunset in the Garden; (36) Peace at Eventide. As 
religion was the foundation of the noble character of Wash- 
ington, the words of Christ suggested by the window are: 
"Seek ye first the Kingdom of God, and all these things shall 
be added unto you." 

The Washington Memorial Chapel the Republic's 
History. — As St. Mark's, Venice, is the Bible in stone, so the 
Washington Memorial Chapel is the RepubHc's History. With a 
thoroughness never before attempted the story of the rise and 
progress of the American people has been told in this beautiful 
fane, whose fabric and furnishings are works of art, and records 
of heroic self-sacrifice. From the porch to the altar is written 
in font, and lectern, pulpit and sedilia, the relig^ious life of the 
Commander-in-Chief which consecrated these hills with prayer, 
and exalted the ideal of patriotism. The Pews of the Patriots 
are memorials of men and women through whose efforts our 
independence was won. The windows will tell in a wondrous 
way the westward wandering of the peoples, and the building of 
the Nation. Above all rises the Roof of the Republic. 

The Roof of the Republic. — The crowning glory of the 
Chapel is the Roof of the Republic. The trusses of the Roof 
are supported by carved oak angels with outstretched wings to 
symbolize the Providence of God and pelicans to symbolize self- 
sacrifice. Every State of the Union is represented by a State 
Panel in which the arms are carved and colored. The Panels 
follow the order in which the States entered the Union, begin- 
ning with Delaware and ending- with Arizona. In the floor 
under each bay of the Roof will be a bronze tablet with the 
arms of the States represented above, the names of the States, 
and the names of the donors. 



Il6 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

The State Panels. — The following State Panels in the 
Roof of the Republic have been given: 

Delaware— Mrs. T. P. Chandler, Jr. 

Pennsylvania — Mr. Richard L. Cadwalader. 

New Jersey — Mrs. Erastus Gaylord Putnam, in memory of 
Ellen Mecum, State Regent and Vice-President General, D. A. R. 

Georgia — Mr. Charles Adamson, in memory of his father, 
Thomas Adamson, for thirty-two years in the Consular Service 
of the United States. 

Connecticut — Miss Edith Kingsbury, in memory of Frederick 
John Kingsbury, 1823-1910. 

Massachusetts — Mr. S. W. Colton, Jr. 

Maryland — The Daughters of the American Revolution of 
Maryland. 

South Carolina — Mrs. Francis G. du Pont. 

New Hampshire — Mr. Arthur Emmons Pearson and Miss 
Nella Jane Pearson, in commemoration of a pilgrimage from 
New England to the Chapel by their parents, William Henry 
Pearson and Nancy Delia Benjamin, his wife, May 28, 1917. 

Virginia — A Great-Granddaughter of Edmund Randolph. 

New York — Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt. 

Rhode Island — The Patriotic Societies of Rhode Island. 

Kentucky — The Patriotic Societies and Individuals of Ken- 
tucky. 

Ohio — The Ohio State Society, Daughters of the American 
Revolution. 

Louisiana — Mrs. Charlotte H. C. Houston. 

Illinois — The Patriotic Societies of Illinois. 

Maine — Mr. Henry D. Moore, who was born at Steuben, 
Washington County, Maine. 

Missouri — Missouri Society of the Sons of the Revolution. 

Michigan — The Patriotic Societies of Michigan. 

Texas — Mrs. Thomas S. Maxey. 

Minnesota — Through the Colonial Dames of America in 
Minnesota. 

Oregon — Miss FaiHng. 

Colorado. — The Territorial Daughters of Colorado. 

The Porch of the Allies.— Along the front of the 
Patriots' Hall will be the Porch of the Allies, a noble memorial 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 117 

of those soldiers of the old world who strove to win the freedom, 
of the new. The central bay will form the entrance to the 
Patriots' Hall and will be in memory of Lafayette, The others 
have not been named. 

Architecturally the Porch of the Allies will correspond with 
the Cloister of the Colonies. It will terminate in the Thanks- 
giving Tower, 

The Thanksgiving Tower. — The Thanksgiving Tower 
will be the most prominent feature of the Valley Forge memo- 
rial, and will be seen from all parts of the encampmentt. It 
will be 24 feet square and 100 feet high. Its entrance will be 
at the end of the "Porch cf the Allies" farthest from the 
chapel, and will form the approach to the large assembly hall 
and museum in the second floor of the Patriots' Hall. The tower 
will be built of Holmesburg granite to correspond with the other 
buildings, and the cut stone will be Indiana limestone. It will 
be lined with the latter material, and will contain memorial 
tablets. 

The stairway to the second floor and to the bell floor will be 
of granite with a railing of bronze. Each step will be a memo- 
rial of an American patriot. The memorial tablets will be set on, 
the risers, and these "Steps of Fame" will be of the deepest 
historic interest. 

The roof of the tower will be used as an observatory, and 
will be surroimded by a turreted wall. Surmounting the whole 
structure will be the staflf for the flag, and the tower and flag 
will form one of the landmarks at Valley Forge. 

The Peace Chime.— In the tower will be placed the 
"Peace Chime," consisting of thirteen bells. Each of these will 
represent a colony, and may be a memorial of one or more 
of its citizens. The arms of the State and the memorial in- 
scription will be cast on the bell. "The Paul Revere Bell" will 
be the gift of the Daughters of the American Revolution of 
Massachusetts. 

The Patriots' Hall. — A very important part of the group 
of buildings which has been planned in connection with the Wash- 
ington Memorial Chapel is the Patriots' Hall. The ever-growing 
interest in Valley Forge, and the enlargement and improvement 



Il8 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

of the Park, annually increase the number of patriotic pilgrims 
who find inspiration in the hills and valleys consecrated by the 
struggle of Washington and his starving troops. Patriotic and 
historical societies desire to hold their meetings on this sacred 
soil. To make this possible, and at the same time to provide for 
the comfort and convenience of large gatherings, was designed 
the Patriots' Hall, memorial to the patriots of the past, the 
common meeting-place of the patriots of the present. 

This will be connected with the Washington Memorial 
Chapel, and will contain on the first floor the vestry and choir 
rooms, etc., for the us^ of the clergy and choirs of the Chapel. 
The public rooms will be a banquet hall and museums. The 
former will be connected with ample kitchens on the floor below, 
and will be at the service of such societies as choose to spend 
a day at Valley Forge. 

On the second floor there will be a hall arranged to accom- 
modate several hundred people. Its windows will be memorials 
of those whose patriotism was worthy of emulation. Around 
its walls will be the cases for a collection of objects illustrative 
of American history. 

The Porch of the Allies and the Thanksgiving Tower will 
form the entrances to the Patriots' Hall. 

During ihe suinmer ol 1908 the lirsi room of the Patriots' 
Hall was built, with a kitchen and dining-room in the basement 
below it. It is fireproof, and for the present is used for the 
Museum and Library. 

The great need to-day is the money with which to complete 
this building which is so essential to the educational and 
patriotic work for which it is planned. 

The Valley Fcrge Museum of American History.— 

The Valley Forge Museum of American History was formally 
opened to the public on Washington's Birthday, 1909, and has 
steadily grown in value and historic importance. The collec- 
tions are divided into the following groups : 

The Aboriginal Period — 

The Rev. Jesse Y. Burk Collection of Indian Relics. 

The William S. Green and William L. Fox Collection of 

Indian Relics. 
The John and Mary Schofield Collection of Indian Relics, 

including many of the choicest specimens from the 

famous H. L. Johnson Collection. 
The Charles Holstein Beyer Collection of Indian Relics 

found at Valley Forge. 








Thanksgiving Tower, Patriots' Hall, Porch of the Allies 
AND Washington Memorial Library. 



120 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



The Colonial Period. 

Collection of Pennsylvania German Relics. 

Valley Forge Collection, including the famous George H. 
Anders Collection. 
The War of the Revolution—- 

Washington's Marquee. 

Washingtoniana. 

Valley Forge Collection. ^ 

The Mary Regina Brice Collection of Di.K-ununis 
The Period of Construction. 
The Civil War. 

The Dr. Louis W. Read Collection 

The Adjutant General Wiemer Bedford Collection. 




The Flag of the Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the 

United States. Original in the Valley Forge Museum 

OF American History. 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 121 

The William D. T. Travis Collection of Civil War Relics, 
made by Mr. Travis, a staff artist in that conflict, and 
presented in his memory by his widow. 
The Spanish-American War. . .-, 

The Spear Collection. 

The Marie E. Moore Collection. " 

The World War. 

Relics of the World War are now being received, and it is 
planned to make this one of the most complete col- 
lections in this country. 
Geneial. 

The Lilla S. Pechin American Stamp Collection. - 

The Mary Elizabeth Schofield Collection. 

The Reginald L. Hart Collection of Military Buttons. 

The Thomas H. Schollenberger Collection of Historical 
China, made by the late Thomas H. Schollenberger and given 
in his memory by his sister, Mrs. S. R. Bartholomew, and his 
niece, Miss Mary White Bartholomew. This very valuable 
collection contains several thousand specimens of rare china. 

"The Lilla S. Pechin Stamp Collection" is one of the most 
complete collections of the stamps of the United States in the 
country. 

"The Valley Forge Collection" is not large, but additions 
are frequently made to it. 

"The Washingtoniana" is admirably representative. There 
are several letters of Washington; a lock of his hair pre- 
sented to Alexander Hamilton; a button presented to James 
Willson Peale, who painted his portrait at Valley Forge; the 
silk breeches worn by him when President; fragments of his 
first tomb and coffin; piece of molding from Pohick Church, 
which he built, etc. ; his medicine chest, and rifle ; a tumbler 
given him by Lafayette ; and other relics. The needle book 
which Martha Washington made of pieces of her wedding dress, 
her husband's waistcoat and the damask curtain of the room 
in which he died is a remarkable memorial of her devotion and 
patriotism. 

The greatest relics of Washington are his marquee and 
headquarters' flag. 



122 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



Among the treasures of the museum are the original cheque 
for $120,000, given to General Lafayette in appreciation of his 
services during the Revolution, his "camp stove," a fragment 
of the Liberty Bell, Patrick Henry's silver hot-plate holder, a 
Continental uniform, a Valley Forge musket, Andrew Jackson's 
leather stock, relics of the "Maine," etc. 

The donor of the Mary Elizabeth Schoheld Collection is 
constantly adding articles of historic value. The collection 
includes articles from the Howard Pyle collection — original 
uniforms and costumes used by the artist in his studies of 
Colonial life. 

The museum is intended to illustrate the development of the 
American nation, and every effort is being made to increase its 
educational value. It is used by teachers to illustrate and im- 
press the lessons in American history. 




Copyright by Harper & Brother. 
Washington's War Tents, 1852. 



Washington's Marquee — The First Valley Forge 

Headquarters. By far the greatest relic of Washington at 

Valley Forge is his marquee, or office and sleeping tent, in 
which he spent his first week uprui hese hills. 

George Washington Parke Custis. Washington's adopted 
sof, counted Washington's tent the greatest treasure of Arling- 
ton House and the most precious heirloom of the Father of 
his Country. This "Pretorium of Valor," as it has been called. 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 123 

has had a remarkable history, which may be briefly summarized 
as follows : 

The sleeping tent and larger dining-tent were made in 
Philadelphia, 1775 or 1776. 

Throughout the War of the Revolution these tents were 
used in the campaigns, and even when Washington occupied a 
house as his headquarters the sleeping-tent was set up for his 
private use. Within it he planned his campaigns, consulted with 
his officers, wrote letters and drafted despatches, slept and 
prayed. 

After the war the tent was first stored in the garret a: 
Mount Vernon. Later, when Mr. Custis built Arlington House 
the tents were carried there and stored. Before his death Mr 
Custis presented the dining-tent to the Government. 

At the death of Mr. Custis the sleeping-teni with the other 
relics of Washington and the Arlington estate were inherited 
by his daughter, Mrs. Robert E. Lee. 

Upon the breaking out of the Civil War Lee resigned his 
commission in the United States army, and became commander 
in-chief of the Confederate army. Mrs. Lee left Arlington 
House, and later the estate was seized by the Union army. The 
tent and other relics of Washington were removed to Wash- 
ington, and by order of Secretary Stanton were transferred to 
the Interior Department and placed on exhibition in the Patent 
Office. 

Mrs. Lee appealed to President Johnson in i86g for the 
restoration of these personal relics of Washington, and the 
order for their transfer was given, but the House of Repre- 
sentatives interfered. 

The tent and other relics were removed to the National 
Museum in 1883. 

Under the administration of President McKinley, the relics 
were restored to the family. 

On May 27, 1907, the Rev. W. Herbert Burk, Minister in 
Charge of the Washington Memorial Chapel, secured from Miss 
Mary Custis Lee, the daughter of Mrs. Robert E. Lee, and the 
owner of the tent, an option for its purchase at $5000, and on 
August 19, 1909, made the first payment of $500, contributed by 



124 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

friends of the chapel, and received the tent, minus one-half of 
the side wall, from Miss Lee's representative and the curators 
of the National Museum. The following day, one hundred and 
thirty-one years after it was carried from Valley Forge, it was 
set up in the Valley Forge Museum of American History. 

By the terms of the contract the balance of $4500 was tc 
be raised by the exhibition of the tent and the money goes to 
the support of the "Old Confederate Woman's Home," in Rich- 
mond, of which Miss Lee was the president. 

The Maine Marker. — At the request of General S. K. 
Zook, Post No. II, G. A. R., the Government gave the Valley 
Forge Museum a memorial tablet in memory of the "Maine." 
It represents America mourning the loss of her heroes on the 
"Maine." She bears a circular shield on which are the national 
arms surrounded by a circle in which are the words Patriotism 
and Devotion. She holds the palm branch symbolizing the 
Christian belief in the eternal victory. Below her arm are the 
wreck of the Maine and the following inscription: 

U. S. S. MAINE 

DESTROYED IN HAVANA HARBOR 

FEBRUARY I5TH, 1898 

Along the base of the tablet is this legend: 

THIS TABLET IS CAST FROM THE METAL RECOVERED FROM THE 
U. S. S. MAINE 

The tablet was designed by O. C. Hecks. When the 
Patriots' Hall is completed this tablet will have an honored 
position. 

The Washington Memorial Library.— In connection 
with the Washington Memorial Chapel and the Valley Forge 
Museum of American History a great library has been planned 
as a memorial of Washington the Booklover. As its volumes 
will represent the nation's development, and will contain the 
record of its progress, it will be a fitting memorial of the 
Father of his Country. Each State is to be represented by books 
of history and biography. It will be a library of reference for 
historical research. 

Three of its features are worthy of notice. The first is its 
Collection of Association Books. These include volumes owned 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 



125 



by the Washingtons, George Mason, author of the "Bill of 
Rights"; James Wilson, Signer of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence; Gen. Philip Schuyler, Peter S. Du Ponceau, Francis As- 
bury, James Madison and others. 

In this collection is the library of the Rev. Andrew Hunter, 
who preached the sermon when the French Alliance was cele- 
brated at Valley Forge. 

The second feature is the 
Collection of Authors' Presenta- 
tion Copies, presented to the 
library in honor of Washington, 
and forming the American Au- 
thors' Memorial of Washington. 
This collection includes gifts from 
such well-known authors as Presi- 
dent Wilson, Admiral Dewey. 
Captain Mahan, Lyman Abbott. 
Cyrus Townsend Brady, Andrew 
Carnegie, Samuel Clemmens, Mar- 
garet Deland, Horace Howard 
Furness, Albert Bushnell Hart, 
Hamilton W. Mabie, Edwin Mark- 
ham, Kate Douglas Wiggin Riggs. 
James Whitcomb Riley, Clinton 
Scollard, Henry Van Dyke, and 
many other notable writers. To 
dedicate the product of heart and 
brain to the memory of the 
Father of His Country, has 
become already a privilege and an 
honor, and this collection with 
its individual expressions of the 
author's personal appreciation of 
Washington, will become one of 
the most notable and valuableTHE Washington Memorial 

,, . r u 1 • 4.U ij Library Book- Plate. 

collections of books m the world. 

The third distinctive feature will be the State Alcoves. 
These will be distinctly marked with the names and arms of 




PrMi^indlrft bg 



126 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

every State in the Union. Here in locked cases will be kept 
the State and county histories, biographies of the leading citizens, 
and such books as are most frequently consulted by students 
of history. These Alcoves may be endowed as memorials and 
the Endowment Fund thus formed will be used for the purchase 
of books relating to the State, and the balance each year will 
be added to the maintenance fund. 

The Washington Memorial Library was begun a few years 
ago by the Rev. W. Herbert Burk with a few volumes. To-day 
more than thirteen thousand volumes await a proper home. 

The Endowment Fund for the support of the library now 
amounts to over one thousand dollars, this whole amount 
having been secured by George Barrie & Sons through the 
sale of the Washington Memorial Edition of "The History of 
North America." 

On Wash;ngton's Birthday, 1919, there was formally un- 
veiled a remarkable portrait of Washington by Gilbert Stuart, 
given to ihe Society by Dr. J. Ackerman Coles, of New York. 
This portrait at one time belonged to Washington Irving, and 
hung in his library. At present this is hung in the Chapel. It 
bears the following inscriptions : 

GKORCE WASHINGTON 

BY 

GILDERT STUART 

FROM THE ESTATE AND HOME ("SUNNYSIDe/' NEW YORK) 

OF WASHINGTON IRVING 

A GIFT FROM 
J. ACKERMAN COLES, M.D., LL.D. 

Washington's Headquarters' Flag.— Miss Fannie B. 
Lovell has loaned the flag of the Commander-in-Chief of the 
American Army, — the flag that went with the marquee through 
the conflicts of the Revolution. It is of faded blue silk, with 
thirteen wnite stars, six-pointed, instead of five, and has the 
original homespun linen heading. The stars follow the lines 
of the crosses of the King's colors, the flag carried by every 
British regiment. 



\ 

WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 127 

The Valley Forge Historical Society. — The Valley 
Forge Historical Society was organized by the Rev. W. Herbert 
Burk, D.D., June 19, 1918, to collect and preserve documents and 
relics relating to Valley Forge and to the history of the United 
States of America; to foster, preserve and extend the spirit 
of Valley Forge ; and to these ends to maintain the Valley 
Forge Museum of American History and the Washington 
Memorial Library. It is a national organization worthy of the 
generous support and hearty co-operation of every American. 
The members are of five classes : 

1. Perpetual Benefactors, who pay $5000.00 each to the 
Endowment Fund. 

2. Life Benefactors, who pay $1000.00 to the Endowment 
Fund. 

3. Perpetual Patrons, who pay $200.00 each to the Endow- 
ment Fund. 

4. Life Patrons, who pay $50.00 each to the Endowment 
Fund. 

5. Active Members, who pay $5.00 annually for the support 
of the work. 

The following are the Perpetual Patrons : 
Miss Sarah R. Chew, New Jersey. 

Mrs. Ann Hunter Wood (Mrs. Alan Wood). In memoriam. 
Pennsylvania. 

Mrs. Henry Reed Hatfield, Pennsylvania. 

Mrs. John L. Harrison, In memoriam. Pennsylvania. 

Mrs. James G. Wells, Pennsylvania. 

The Life Patrons are : 

Mrs. Erastus Gaylord Putnam, New Jersey. 

Mr. William Henry Pearson, Massachusetts. 

Mrs. Harvey C. Gresh, Pennsylvania. 

*Mrs. Alan Wood, Jr., Pennsylvania. 

Mr. Hollinshead N, Taylor, Pennsylvania. 

Mr. Jacob D. Sallade, Pennsylvania. \ 

J. W. Walker, Pennsylvania. 

Miss Edith Davies Kingsbury, Connecticut. ,'^ ^ 

Miss Hepsey Norris Wells, Pennsylvania. 

Mr. Arthur Emmons Pearson, Massachusetts. 

Mrs. Hampton L. Carson, Pennsylvania. 



♦Deceased. 



128 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

The Greatest Museum of National History. — The 

Valley Forge Historical Society has adopted a comprehensive 
plan for a museum of national history, representative of all 
periods of American history. It will include eight buildings 
in addition to the administration group or Washington Memo- 
rial. The periods and buildings will be as follows: 

The Aborigines — Pocahontas Hall. 

The European Background — Raleigh Hall. 

The Colonial Period — Franklin Hall. 

The War of the Revolution — Washington Hall. 

The Period of National Development — Jefferson Hall. 

The Civil War— Lincoln Hall. 

The Period of National Expansion — Roosevelt Hall. 

The World War— The Victory Hall. 

This plan will give to America the greatest museum of 
national history and will place at Valley Forge the greatest 
memorial of George Washington, in whose honor the entire 
group will be built. 

The First Chapel. — The little frame chapel has become 
famous as the place in which President Roosevelt made a notable 
speech on the one hundred and twenty-sixth anniversary of the 
evacuation. This was the only time that a President of the 
United States visited Valley Forge. 

The President spoke on the lessons of Gettysburg and 
Valley Forge, and in the course of his address said : 

"It is a good thing that these great historic landmarks of 
our country, Gettysburg and Valley Forge, should be pre- 
served ; that one should commemorate a single tremendous ef- 
fort, and the other what we need, on the whole, much more — 
much more commonly — and which is a more difficult thing — 
constant effort. Only men with a touch of the heroic could 
have lasted out that three days' wrestle at Gettysburg; only 
inen fitted to rank with the great men of all times could have 
beaten back the mighty onslaught of that gallant and wonderful 
army of Northern Virginia, whose final, supreme effort failed 
at the stone wall, on Cemetery Hill, on that July day, now 
forty-one years ago. 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 



129 



"But, after all, hard as it is to rise to the supreme height of 
self-sacrifice at a time of crisis that is brief ; hard as it is to 
make the single, great effort, it is harder yet to rise to the 
level of a crisis when it takes the form of a need of ciistant, 
patient, steady work, month after month, year afier year; 
when, too, it does not end after a struggle in a glorious day 
of victory; when, too, triumph is wrested bitterly away at the 
end. 

"Here at Valley Forge, Washington and his Continentals 
warred, not against foreign soldiery, but against themselves ; 




The First Chapel. 

against all the appeals of our nature that are most difficult to 
resist: against discouragement, discontent, the mean envies 
and jealousies and heartburnings sure to arise at any time in 
large bodies of men, but especially when defeat and disaster 
have come to them ; when the soldiers who carried our national 
flag had suffered from cold, from privation, from hardship, 



130 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

knowing that their foes were well housedj that things went 
easier with the others than they did with them; and they con- 
quered because they had in them the spirit that made them 
steadfast, not only on an occasional great day, but day after 
day, in a life of endeavor to do their duty well." 

The other speakers on this occasion, one of the most 
memorable in the history of Valley Forge, were ilu Rt. Rev. 
Leighton Coleman, Eishop of Delaware; the Hon. Wayne Mac- 
Veagh, and the Hon. Irving P. VVanger. 

On September 10, 1905, the little chapel was again honored 
when Vice-President Fairbanks made an eloquent address on the 
"Value of Prayer," instancing the prayers of Washington, Lin- 
coln and McKinley. The last noted speaker heard here was 
the Rt. Rev. James Hcartt VanBurcn, D. D., Missior.ary Bishop 
of Porto Rico, who spoke of Valley Forge as "the Holy of 
Holies of the American people." 

The chapel was lirsi user! for service on September 27, 
1903, when the sermon was preached by the Rev. Herbert J. 
Cook, Dean of the Convocation of Norristown. Since February 
22, 1906, the building has been used by the Sunday School. 

The Theodore Roosevelt Memorial.— 1 1 is now 

planned to preserve the Chapel a:; a memorial of Theodore 
Roosevelt. It will be placed in Roosevelt Hall, a permanent 
fireproof building, when erected in another part of the grounds. 

The Martha Washington Log Cabin. — The Martha 

Washington Log Cabin is one of the most attractive buildings 
at Valley Forge. It was built by the Guild of the Washington 
Memorial Chapel in 1916. Col. H. C. Trexler, of Allentown, 
generously gave the cement required in its construction. The 
.cabin. is used for the Sunday school and other parish work, in 
which the kitchen often plays an important part. The large 
stone fireplace is the gift of a friend of the parish, and is a 
memorial of John and Mary L. Schofield. 

Mr. Nicola D'Ascenzo designed and made' for the Cabin 
a mosaic portrait of Washington, with the Washington arms 
as a background. This beautiful art work was presented by 
the artist on Washington's Birthday, 1919. It adorns the large 
;Stone chimney breast. 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 131 

The Cannon Park. — Along the driveway is the Cannon 
Park. Here has been placed one of the most interesting collec- 
tions of • antique cannon in this country, including several guns 
used in the War of the Revolution, and loaned by the Estate 
of Stephen Girard to add to the educational value of the exhibit. 

An attractive picnic ground will be found back of the Chapel, 
and is free to the public. Beyond the grove is a campground, 
free to camping parties who secure a permit from the Rector 
of the Chapel. 

The Valley Forge. — A small smithy has been built for 
the exhibition of an old wooden portable forge known to have 
been used on the Stewart farm above Valley Forge over eighty 
years ago. It is the gift of Mr. Samuel J. Reeves. The old 
sled, was, used on the Stephens farm during the encampment 
and was given by Mr. Frank Quigg. The other antique articles 
help to give an idea of an old time farm smithy. 

The Coach House. — Beyond the smithy is the coach 
house, containing among other things a reproduction of Wash- 
ington's coach. This was designed and made for use in the 
pageant given by Philadelphia under the able direction of Dr. 
Ellis Paxon Oberholtzer. 

The Conestoga wagon was made in 1797, and shows long 
and hard service. It was purchased near Logue's Corners and 
drawn the 25 miles to Valley Forge by Dr. Burk in his Ford 
car. It aroused great interest throughout the journey. 

Next to the Chapel is the handsome estate of Mrs. Sarah 
Swift Zulich. The River Road below the Chapel affords beauti- 
ful views of the river, the rich farmland, and in the far dis- 
tance, Norristown. Rising above the trees beyond the bridge 
are the red tile roofs and tower of the summer residence built 
by the late John F. Betz, of Philadelphia. The picturesque boat- 
house at the dam is also a part of the estate. On the right in 
the valley are quarries and limekilns and the large building used 
by the "Ehret Magnesia Manufacturing Company." 

The Provost Guard. — The only other point of interest on 
the road is the site of the provost guard. The guardhouses 
rstood back of a small stone house on the right of the road, but 



132 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

nothing marks their loca'Jon. During the encampment these 
houses were crowded with rhose who had broken the laws, many 
of the offenders being led out to receive their punishment in 
stripes, disgrace or death. The punishments were brutal "'n the 




Colonial Seals in the Cloister. 

extreme, "one hundred lashes on the bare back" being an ordi- 
nary penalty for theft. 

In the diary of Lieutenant McMichael we have this descrip- 
tion of one of the distinctively camp punishments : "March 15. I 
this morning proceeded to the grand parade, where I was a 
spectator of the drumming out of Lieutenant Enslin, of Colonel 
Malcolm's regiment. He was first drum'd from right to left of 
the parade, thence to the left wing of the army; from that to 
the center, and lastly transported over the Schuylkill with 
orders never to be seen in the camp in the future. This shock- 
ing scene was performed by all the drums and fifes in the army — 
the coat of the delinquent was turned wrong side out." 

It is a little over a mile from the chapel to the entrance 
to the Right Line Boulevard. The distance is almost the 
same to Betzwood, the station on the Pennsylvania Railroad^ 
and somewhat less to Port Kennedy, on the Reading. TO' 
reach the stations, turn to the left at the track, which runs to 
the quarries, and pass through the village. Betzwood is on 



WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 



133 



the other side of the river, and to reach it turn to the right 
near the inn and cross the bridge. The River Road makes a 
pleasant route to East Valley Forge, Bridgeport and Norristown. 
Those intending to make the tour of the camp should turn to 
the right at the track at the foot of the hill and follow the road 
toward King of Prussia. The distances as given on the signpost 
are Bridgeport, 6 miles; King of Prussia, 2 miles, and Valley 
Forge, 2 miles. 







Copyright, Nicola D'Ascenzo 

The Washington Mosaic 
By Nicola D'Ascenzo 




The National Arch to the Officers and Private Soldiers 
OF THE Continental Army. 



THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD 

THE Right Line Boulevard. — Just beyond the village, 
at the top of the hill, the boulevard is reached. This fol- 
lows the line of the encampment, which was defended 
by a breasiwork, of which now there are few traces. 
In the field to the left may still be seen the depression which 
marks the site of a redoubt, and another will be passed on the 
line of the boulevard. 

The house beyond the boulevard and near Trout Creek is 
the residence of Senator P. Frank Croft. It was the o.hce of 
the commissary and at times the headquarters of Col. Daniel 
Morgan, whose military history is a -eries of brilliant achieve- 
ments. He took part in the defeat of Burgoyne, who being 
introduced to him is said to have exclaimed : "My dear sir. you 
command the finest regiment in the world !" Morgan and his 
men reached Whitemarsh in November, Gates only allowing 
them to come to the support of the main army after Wash- 
ington had sent Hamilton to him with a special messaue. During 
the months here IMorgan and his men were actively employed 
in scouting and foraging. 

Muhlenberg's Brigade. — The entrance to the Valley 
Forge Park is on the crest of the hill. 

Within a short distance of ihe King of Prussia road are 
the remains of what was locally kiK \vn as "Mordccai Moore's 
Fort," so called from being on his land. The co riiission has 
placed a battery on the fairtly n^arkcd redoiibt. over which the 
plow had so often passed. At this point the lirsi huis of the 
encampment stood, being those of Muhlenberg's Brigade of Vir- 
ginia and Pennsylvania regiments. Their brave commander, 
John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg was born only a few miles away, 
at Trappe, and was the son of ihe famous Rw. Henry Mclchior 
Muhlenberg. He was prepared for the ministry and served as 
pastor of Lutheran congregations. In 1772 he went to Virgmia, 
following the large German immigration from Pennsylvania and 
other middle states. He went to England in order to receive 

(135) 



136 GUIDE TO VALLE\ KORGE. 

Episcopal ordination and on his return was rector of Wood- 
stock. Washington asked him to accept a colonel's commission, 
and when it was received he preached his farewell sermon, in 
the course of which he said : "There is a time for all things — 
a time to preach and a time to pray — but there is also a time 
to fight, and that time has now come." Pronouncing the bene- 
diction he threw back his preacher's gown, disclosing the Con- 
tinental uniform. Proceeding to the door he ordered the drums 
to beat for recruits, the response being the enlistment of about 
three hundred. Read's description of the scene may well be re-, 
called on such a spot as this: 

A moment there was awful pause — 
When Berkley cried, "Cease, traitor! cease! 
God's temple is the house of peace!" 

The other shouted, "Nay, not so, 
When God is with our righteous cause; 
His holiest places then are ours. 
His :emples are our forts and towers, 

That frown upon the tyrant foe; 
In this, the dawn of Freedom's day. 
There is a time to fight and pray!" 

And now before the open door — 

The warrior priest had ordered so — 
The enlisting trumpet's sudden roar 
Rang through the chapel, o'er and o'er. 

Its long reverberating blow, 
So loud and clear, it seem'd the ear 
Of dusty death must wake and hear. 
And there the startling drum and fife 
Fired the living with fiercer life ; 
While overhead, with wild increase. 
Forgetting its ancient toll of peace. 

The great bell swung as ne'er before: 
It seemed as it would never cease ; 
And every word its ardor flung 
From off its jubilant iron tongue 

Was "War! War! War!" 



THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 137 

"Who dares" — this was the patriot's cry, 
As striding from the desk he came — 

"Come out with me, in Freedom's name, 
For her to live, for her to die?" 
A hundred hands flung up reply, 
__ hundred voices answered "I !" 

Under such a man as that it is no wonder that his regi- 
ment, the 8th Virginia, gained a reputation for discipline and 
bravery, nor that he rose to honor in the service. While the 
army lay here he often rode over to the Trappe to visit his 
family, and stories are told of his narrow escapes from capture 
by the British on these occasions. 

The marker placed by the State of Pennsylvania bears the 
following inscription : 

continental army 
valley forge, december ip, i777 — june 18, i778 

Greene's division 
major-general nathaniel greene 

Muhlenberg's brigade 
brigadier-general j. peter g. muhlenberg 

commanding 

"GERMAN regiment/'' PENNSYLVANIA LINE, LIEUTENANT-COLONEL 
LEWIS WELTNER 

RAISED JULY 12, I776 MUSTERED OUT JANUARY I781 

1ST REGIMENT, VIRGINIA INFANTRY, COLONEL RICHARD PARKER 

5TH REGIMENT, VIRGINIA INFANTRY, COLONEL ABRAHAM BUFORD 

pTH REGIMENT, VIRGINIA INFANTRY, LIEUTENANT-COLONEL BURGESS 

BALL 

I3TH REGIMENT, VIRGINIA INFANTRY 

VIRGINIA STATE REGIMENT OF INFANTRY, COLONEL GEORGE GIBSON 

The Commission has named this part of the boulevard in 
honor of the soldier-preacher "Brigadier-General Muhlenberg 
Avenue." 

Muhlenberg's Headquarters were within easy reach of the 
brigade, and the old house still stands by Trout Creek, a half 
mile or so across the fields to the east. The present owner. 



■38 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



Mr. Alexander D. Irwin, the present owner, cherishes the 
picturesque farmhouse, and finds real pleasure in its associations 
with the distinguished patriots who have enjoyed its hospitality. 
Weedon's Brigade.— The next brigade was also from 
Virginia. It was commanded by Gen. George Weedon. He 
and his men had won distiiv.-tion in t'le gallant support which 
they had given to General Greene in the battle of Brandy- 
wine, helping to check the British pursuit and enabling the 




The Old Smithy. 



Americans to rally. General Weedon occupied the house which 
stood almost on the site of that w^hich stands to the south of 
this point, but nearer Trout Creek. When the army moved 
from Gulph Mills the people in this neighborhood had no notice 
of the intention to place the winter camp here. Their first 
intimation was the approach of the army. An officer hastily 
rode up to the farmhouse of Abijah Stephens and chalked on 
the door "Headquarters of General Weedon." and ordered the 
family to make ready to receive its uninviied guests. Mrs. 



THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 139 

Stephens had a large quantity of buckwheat and at once mixed 
a tub full of batter. While others baked cakes she prepared 
soup, roast beef, etc. Much to the rage of the General those 
who first reached the house did not stand upon ceremony, but 
satisfied their hunger before he arrived. He remained in 
camp only a short time, resigning on account of a question of 
rank with General Woodford. General Weedon's Orderly Book 
is preserved in the library of the American Philosophical Society, 
and is one of the greatest authorities on the affairs in this camp. 
It has been published by the Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker un- 
der the auspices of the Society. 

Baron DeKalb, a brigadier in the French service, afterwards 
made the house his headquarters. The Hon. John R, K. Scott, 
a member of the Valley Forge Park Commission, makes the 
modern residence his summer home. At the crossroads beyond 
the house is an old blacksmith shop built of logs, and said to 
have been used as a smithy by the soldiers, 
been used as a smithy by the soldiers. 

The Commission has placed upon the marker the following 

record of the officers and regiments of this brigade : 

continental army 

valley forge, december tq, i777 — june 18, i778 

Greene's division 

major-general nathaniel greene 

weedon's BRIGADE 

BRIGADIER-GENERAL GEORGE WEEDON 

COMMANDING 

I3TH REGIMENT INFANTRY, PENNSYLVANIA LINE, COLONEL WALTER 

STEWART 

(raised AS "state REGIMENT OF FOOT," MARCH I, 1 777, ATTACHED 

TO PENNSYLVANIA LINE AS I3TH REGIMENT INFANTRY, 

NOVEMBER 12, 1777; CONSOLIDATED WITH 2D 

REGIMENT INFANTRY, JULY I, 1 778) 

2D REGIMENT, VIRGINIA INFANTRY, LIEUTENANT-COLONEL CHARLES 

DABNEY 

6tH REGIMENT, VIRGINIA INFANTRY, COLONEL JOHN GIBSON 

lOTH REGIMENT, VIRGINIA INFANTRY, COLONEL JOHN GREEN 

I4TH REGIMENT, VIRGINIA INFANTRY, LIEUTENANT-COLONEL 

WILLIAM DAVIS 



140 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

Greene's Division. — The division to which these brigades- 
belonged was commanded by the "fighting Quaker," Major- 
General Nathanael Greene. He was only thirt3^-six years of age- 
when he came to Valley Forge. Upon the news of the Battle of 
Bunker Hill the Rhode Island Legislature raised three regiments 
and made Greene a brigadier-general. He was selected by the 




Major-General Nathanael Greene. 

From the original portrait owned by Mrs. William Benton Greene. 

soldiers to welcome Washington, the commander-in-chief, and 
the two men became firm friends, Washington quickly recognizing 
his sterling abilities. He was made a major-general on the 9th 
of August, 1776, and while at Valley Forge became quartermaster- 
general, but reserved his right to command on the field of battle, 
for he was pre-eminently a soldier. "He began his serv- 



THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 141 

ice at the breaking out of the war, and was never out of 
the harness until the end. He and Washington were the only 
general officers present at the siege of Boston who remained in 
the army until the British withdrew from the United States in 
1783. He fought in every battle in which Washingotn com- 
manded, except one, until he went South, with ever-increasing 
success and skill, and although he had no previous military ex- 
perience whatsoever, he developed himself, by observation, study 
and reflection, not only into the strategist which he naturally 
was, but into a brilliant tactician as well — strategists are born, 
tacticians, largely, made. His tactics on the field of battle were 
as great as was his strategy in his campaigns. He was a man of 
impetuous, dashing nature, yet he schooled himself and so 
checked his natural impulses that he became the incarnation of 
caution. It is difficult to find anything to blame in his military 
work from the beginning, and impossible in those years in which 
he exercised independent command. His plans and his methods 
were molded largely after those of Washington himself. No 
man could be more wary, more prompt or more bold than he, 
when the exigency demanded the one course or the other." 

For his splendid work at Eutaw Springs, Congress pre- 
sented him with "a British stand of colors" and a gold medal. 
Two years later it resolved to present him two pieces of field 
■ordnance taken from the British army, at the Cowpens, Augusta, 
or Eutaw, engraved with the substance of the commendations of 
the resolution. 

Upon his death, Wayne wrote, "My dear friend, General 
Greene, is no more. He was great as a soldier, greater as a. 
citizen, immaculate as a friend." 



De Kalb's Division. — The next division of the Ameri- 
can army, consisting of the brigades of Patterson and Learned, 
was commanded by Major-General Johann de Kalb. Baron de 
Kalb had won distinction in the Seven-Years War, and at the 
request of Franklin and Deane came to America to aid in the 
struggle for liberty. Congress made him a major-general in the 
Continental army on the 15th of September, 1777, four days 
after the Battle of Brandywine. In the Battle of Camden, in 



142 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

which he commanded the Delaware and Maryland troops, he 
fought with a courage that was inspiring, but fell at last with 
sixteen wounds to die shortly after the battle in the hands 
of the British. 

Patterson's Brigade. — Beyond Weedon's Brigade was 
that of John Patterson, a native of Connecticut, but a citizen 
of Massachusetts. Within eighteen hours after the news of 
the Battle of Lexington had been received he was on his way to 
Boston with a regiment of minute-men which he had quickly 
enrolled and equipped. In the trenches of Charlestown and 
in the woods of Canada these men proved their heroism. Of 
the 600 men that left New York on the latter expedition only 
220 returned. This remnant took part in the battles of Tren- 
ton and Princeton, and the movements that followed, and came 
to Valley Forge to add another chapter to the account of their 
sufferings. Colonel Patterson had well earned the promotion 
which came to him on February 21, 1777, when he was made 
brigadier-general. 

The marker bears the record of four Massachusetts regi- 
ments, as follows : 

lOTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, COLONEL THOMAS MARSHALL 
IITH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, COLONEL BENJAMIN TUPPER 

I2TH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, COLONEL SAMUEL BREWER 
I4TH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, COLONEL GAMALIEL BRADFORD 

Among all the men encamped at Valley Forge there was 
no more picturesque group than that of the members of the 14th 
Regiment, nor any destined to become as famous. They were 
immortalized by Irving's apt description of them as "Colonel 
Glover's amphibious Marblehead regiment." Most of them were 
"Marblehead fishermen and sailors, hardy, adroit and weather- 
proof; trimly clad in blue jackets and trousers." In the famous 
retreat from Long Island it was these men upon whom Washing- 
ton relied for the success of his plan to extricate the army from 
its perilous position, and they shared with him the glory of that 
achievement. In that dark, tempestuous Christmas night when 
Washington and his little army crossed the Delaware and at- 



THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 143 

tacked the British at Trenton it was again this amphibious regi- 
ment which manned the boats, forcing them through the drift- 
ing ice, thus making that victory possible. 

On land they won their laurels, too. In the second battle 
of Freeman's Farm "even the stolid Hessians expressed their 
amazement when they saw these brave Marbleheaders dash 
through the fire of grape and canister and over the dead bodies 
of their comrades, through the embrasures, over the cannon, 
with the same agility with which they formerly climbed to the 
main-top or traversed the backstays, bayoneting the cannoneers 
at their posts . . . Glover's troops evinced the coolness and 
agility of their attack, and showed that they could use the bayonet 
with as much skill and effect as the marline or handspike on 
board ship." After this they had to endure the more severe 
test of endurance upon these hills, but here again they proved 
themselves heroes by their patient suffering and indomitable 
spirit in the face of all discouragements. 

The Maine Marker. — The State of Maine was the first 
outside of Pennsylvania to erect a memorial of its troops at 
Valley Forge. At the time of the Revolution its territory was 
included in the Colony of Massachusetts, but from it many 
men entered the ranks of the Continental army. The marker 
was dedicated October 17, 1907, being received on behalf of the 
State of Pennsylvania by William H. Sayen, President of the 
Valley Forge Commission. Inscription : 

TO COMMEMORATE THE OFFICERS AND MEN FROM 
THAT PART OF NEW ENGLAND NOW KNOWN AS THE 
STATE OF MAINE, WHO SERVED IN MASSACHUSETTS 
REGIMENTS IN THE CONTINENTAL ARMY UNDER WASH- 
INGTON AT VALLEY FORGE IN THE WINTER OF 1777-8, 
SHARING THE HARDSHIPS THERE ENOURED. THIS MEMO- 
RIAL IS ERECTED BY THE STATE OF MAINE, UNDER THE 
AUSPICES OF THE MAINE SOCIETY OF THE SONS OF THE 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION, I907. 

From this point there is a fine view of the hills upon 
which the army was encamped. Across the valley to the right, 
with its woodland setting, is the Washington Memorial Chapel, 



144 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

then the Soldiers' Hut, and the Waterman Monument. At the 
end of the woodland stands the castle-like Defenders' Gate. 
Farther up the road is the Star Redoubt and General Hunting- 
ton's headquarters. To the left of this is Huntington Redoubt. 
Between the redoubt and the Gulph Road were the huts of Hunt- 
ington's and Conwa/s Brigades, while to the left of the old road 
was Maxwell's. Mount Joy, surmounted with the observatory, 
rises almost directly in front of the spectator. On its left 
slope is Washington Redoubt. On the hill farther to the left 
were encamped Wayne's and Scott's Brigades. 

Learned's Brigade. — Next to Patterson's Brigade was 
Learned's Brigade of Massachusetts regiments. Wounded at Dor- 
chester Heights, Ebenezer Larned or Learned, the son of a cap- 
tain of rangers, was out of the service for nearly a year. In 
April he had been made a brigadier-general and as such com- 
manded a brigade at Saratoga, where he and his troops distin- 
guished themselves by their great bravery. 

The marker bears the following inscription : 

CONTINENTAL ARMY 
VALLEY FORGE, DECEMBER I9, I///; JUNE 18, I778 

DE KALB's division 

major-general baron de kalb 

learned's brigade 
brigadier-general ebenezer learned 

commanding 
2nd massachusetts infantry, col. john bailey 

8th MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, COL. MICHAEL JACKSON 
9TH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, COL. JAMES WESSON 

Glover's Brigade. — The last brigade on this ridge was 
commanded by Brigadier-General John Glover, after whom this 
part of the boulevard has been named. This is the third brigade 
of Massachusetts troops encamped here, and consisted of four 
regiments. One misses in these the old 21st, with whom Colonel 
Glover won fame, as the 14th this was now under the command 
of Patterson, as previously stated. 



THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 147 



STAFF OFFICERS 

ADJUTANT GENERALS, COL. TIMOTHY PICKERING, 
COL. ALEXANDER SCAMMELL 

CAPT. CALEB GIBBS, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF's GUARD 

ATTACHED 
COL. JONATHAN BREWER 
COL THOMAS NIXON, 6th MASS. INFANTRY, 
LIEUT. COL. CALVIN SMITH, 6t6 MASS. INFANTRY. 

ARTILLERY 
COL. JOHN CRANE, 3D ARTILLERY. 
BRIG. MAJ. SAMUEL SHAW 
CAPT. THOMAS SEWARD 
CAPT. WINTHROP SARGENT, 3D CONTL. ARTILLERY. 

THE BRIGADES OF BRIDADIER-GENERALS HENRY KNOX, JOHN GLOVER, 

JOHN PATTERSON AND EBENEZER LEARNED WERE REPRESENTED 

AT VALLEY FORGE^ PA., BY THE FOLLOWING NAMED 

OFFICERS OF MASSACHUSETTS TROOPS 

glover's BRIGADE 
BRIGADE MAJORS 
SIMON LEARNED JOHN BAILEY 

1ST MASS. INFANTRY 

COL. JOSEPH VOSE CAPT. ABRAHAM TUCKERMAN 

LIEUT. COL. ELIJAH VOSE CAPT. ORRINGH STODDARD 

MAJOR THOMAS COGSWELL CAPT. MOSES ASHLEY 

CAPT. ROBERT DAVIS CAPT. JEREMIAH MILLER 

CAPT. NATHANIEL GUSHING CAPT. GEORGE SMITH 
CAPT. ABRAHAM HUNT 

4TH MASS. INFANTRY 

COL. WILLIAM SHEPARD CAPT. REUBEN SLAYTON 

LIEUT. COL. EBENEZER SPROUT CAPT. THOMAS FISH 

MAJ. SETH BANNISTER CAPT. GEORGE WEBB 

CAPT. CALEB KEEP CAPT. ISAAC POPE 

CAPT. LIBBEUS BALL CAPT. JOB ALVORD 

CAPT. MOSES KNAPP CAPT. JOHN WRIGHT 



146 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 




The ^Iassachusetts Monument. 

and rank of one hundred and fifty-six officers of Massachusetts 
of the rank of captain or higher, who served at Valley Forge. 
This r.cord was secured by General Reade, who spared neither 
time- nor money in his efiforts to make it complete. 
The inscription is given in full : 

MASSACHUSETTS SOLDIERS WHO SERVED AT VALLEY FORGE, PA., 

UNDER HIS EXCELLENCY, GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON, 

BETWEEN 19 DEC, I777, AND I9 JUNE, 1778 



GENERAL OFFICERS 

LRIG.-GEN. HENRY KNOX, CHIEF OF ARTILLERY 
BRIG.-GEN. JAMES MITCHELL VARNUM 
BRIG. -GEN. JOHN PATERSON 
BRIG.-GEN. JOHN GLOVER 
BRIG.-GEN. EBENEZER LEARNED 



THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 147 

Gen. John Glover was one of the best drillmasters in the 
army. Despite his small stature he was able to inspire men 
with profound respect for his authority, and his tireless energy 
was used to advantage in perfecting mili.ary movements. At 
the outbreak of the Revolution he raised a thousand men and 
joined the army at Cambridge. 

Genera] Glover's Brigade consisted of four regiments, given 
on the tablet as follows : 

1ST MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, COLONEL JOSEPH VOSE 

4TH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, COLONEL WILLIAM SHKPARD 

I3TH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, COLONEL EDWARD WIGGLESWORTH 

I5TH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, COLONEL TIMOTHY BIGELOW 

The Massachusetts Monument. — To the left of the 
boulevard stands the exedra erected by the State of Massa- 
chusetts in honor of her sons who served in the brigades on 
this crest. It is built of Barre granite. Above the seat is the 
legend : 

ENSE PETIT PLACIDAM SUB LIBERTATE QUIETAM 

On the ends are unsheathed swords with the dates 1777 and 
1778. The arms of Massachusetts are in bronze on the face 
of the granite tablet, and below them is the following inscription: 

THIS MONUMENT IS ERECTED BY A GRATEFUL COMMONWEALTH IN 

MEMORY OF THE SOLDIERS OF MASSACHUSETTS WHO 

SERVED AT VALLEY FORGE I9 DECEMBER 177/- 

19 JUNE 1778 

The exedra was dedicated November 18, 191 1, the exer- 
cises being held in the Washington Memorial Chapel. These 
were in charge of Mr. Thomas Franklin Pedrick, Sergeant- 
at-Arms. After prayer by the chaplain of the day. the Rev. 
W. Herbert Burk, Mr. W. H. Sayen, President of the Valley 
Forge Park Commission, made the address of welcome, which 
was responded to by the Hon. Arthur S. Adams. The orator of 
the day was General Philip Reade, U. S. A., through whose 
zealo IS efforts the monument was erected. 

A bronze tabht on the back of the exrdra gives the names 



148 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



I3TH MASS. INFANTRY 



COL. EDW. WIGGLESWORTH 
LIEUT. COL. DUDLEY COLEMAN 
JOMAR JOHN PORTER 
CAPT. JOSEPH MCNALL 
CAPT. THOMAS WILLINGTON 



CAPT. NICHOLAS BLAISDELL 
CAPT. DANIEL PILSBURY 
CAPT. NATHANIEL ALEXANDER 
CAPT. NOAH ALLEN 
CAPT. ISRAEL DAVIS 



CAPT. AARON HAYNES 



I5TH MASS. INFANTRY 



COL. TIMOTHY BIGELOW 
LIEUT. COL. HENRY HASKELL 
CAPT. S\XVANUS SMITH 
CAPT. JOSHUA BROWN 
CAPT. WILLIAM GATES 



CAPT. EDMUND MUNRO 
CAPT, ADAM MARTIN 
CAPT. JOSEPH HODGSKIN 
CAPT. PAUL ELLIS 
CAPT. DANIEL BARNES 



JOHN PATTERSON'S BRIGADE 
lOTH MASS. INFANTRY 



COL. THOMAS MARSHALL 
LIEUT. COL. EPHRAIM JACKSON 
MAJ. NATHANIEL WINSLOW 
CAPT. JOHN THOMAS j 
CAPT. JACOB WALES 



CAPT. SAMUEL KING 

CAPT. JOSIAH SMITH 

CAPT. AMASA SOPER 

CAPT. CHRISTOPHER MARSHALL 

CAPT. WILLIAM WARNER 



CAPT. BENJAMIN WALCUTT 



COL. BENJAMIN TUPPER 

LT. COL. NOAH MOULTON LITTE- 

FIELD 
CAPT. MOSES GREENLEAF 
SURGEONS MATE JOHN JONES 
CAPT. BILLY PORTER 



IITH MASS. INFANTRY 

CAPT. SAMUEL PAGE 
CAPT. DAVID WHEELWRIGHT 
CAPT. SAMUEL THOMS 
CAPT. BENJAMIN FARNUM 
CAPT. GEORGE WHITE 
CAPT. RICHARD MAYBERRY 



I2TH MASS. INFANTRY 
COL. SAMUEL BREWER CAPT. ELISHA BREWER 

LIEUT.-COL. SAMUEL CARLTON CAPT. JOSIAH JENKINS 

MAJ. TOBIAS FERNOLD CAPT. JAMES DONNELL 

CAPT. JOHN CHADWICK CAPT. NATHAN WATKINS 

CAPT. SILAS BURBANK CAPT. DANIEL MERRILL 



THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 149 

I4TH MASS. INFANTRY 

COL. GAMALIEL BRADFORD CAFT. THOMAS TURNER 

LIEUT. COL. BARACHIAH BASSET CAFT. JOHN RUSSELL 

MAJ. ELNATHAN HASKELL CAFT. JAMES COOFER 

MAJ. SAMUEL TUBS CAFT. JOSHUA EDDY 

CAFT. ZABEDEE REDDING CAFT. ISAIAH STETSON 

CAFT. JOSEFH-*WADSWORTH CAFT. JOHN LEMONT 

EBENEZER LEARNED's BRIGADE 
2D MASS. INFANTRY 

COL. JOHn|bAILEY CAFT. EFHRAIM BURR 

MAJ. ANDREW FETERS CAFT. ISAAC WARREN 

CAFT. JUDAH ALDEN CAFT. SAMUEL DARBY 

CAFT. SETH DREW CAFT. HUGH MAXWELL 

CAFT. GEORGE DUNHAM 

8th MASS. INFANTRY 

COL. MICHAEL JACKSON CAFT.^ BENJAMIN BROWN 

LIEUT. COL. JOHN BROOKS CAFT. JOHN BURNHAM 

MAJ. WILLIAM HULL CAFT. JOHN WILEY 

CAFT. EBENEZER CLEAVELAND CAFT. JAMES BANCROFT 

CAFT. EFHRAIM CLEVELAND CAFT. JAMES VARNUM 

CAFT. JAMES KEITH ADJT. JONATHAN ALLEN 

9TH MASS. INFANTRY 

COL. JAMES WESSON CAFT. JOHN BLANCHARD 

LIEUT. COL. EZRA EADLAM CAFT. ABRAHAM CHILDS 

LIEUT. COL. JAMES MELLEN CAFT. SAMUEL BARTLETT 

SURGEON JOHN THOMAS CAFT. NAHUM WARD 

CAFT. NATHAN DIX CAFT. SAMUEL CARR 

CAFT. JOSEFH FETTINGILL CAFT. AMOS COGSWELL 

i6th MASS. INFANTRY 

COL. HENRY JACKSON CAFT. WILLIAM NORTH 

LIEUT. COL. DAVID COBB CAFT. THOMAS CART WRIGHT 

CAFT. JAMES JONES CAFT. GAWEN BROWN 

MAJ. JOHN STEELE TYLER CAFT. THOMAS HUNT 




The National Asch. 



THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 151 

The Gulph Road.^ — Just beyond the marker of Glover's 
Brigade the boulevard is crossed by the Gulph Road, along 
which the army had moved from its last resting place. A mile 
away is the old "King of Prussia" tavern, which they passed 
on the march, and along the road are the old milestones, the last 
of which told the soldiers that Philadelphia was i8 miles distant. 

It was along this road that the army was drawn up on the 
day that General Lee returned from his captivity in Philadel- 
phia, and across this crest Washington and his officers escor::ed 
him in honor to the Headquarters. 

The Gulph Roa'd is the most direct route from this point to 
Washington's headquarters and the Reading station at Valley 
Forge. To reach these, turn to the right, follow the road over 
the hill to Washington Inn and turn to the right. To reach the 
Washington Memorial Chapel and Valley Forge Museum turn to 
the right at the schoolhouse, follow the Washington Lane to the 
River Road and turn to the right. Most visitors will prefer to 
follow the boulevard as it passes the Wayne Monument and other 
points of interest. A bridle path, beginning between the Gulph 
Road and the guardhouse, makes an attractive detour. 

The National Arch. — Years ago an appeal was made to 
Congress on behalf of Valley Forge, but in vain. The idea 
then was to make the encampment a National reservation. 
While t'lis attempt failed, the growing interest in this historic 
site made it possible, especially after the State of Pennsylvania 
had done so much through t'le Valley Forge Park Commission, 
to hope for some National recognition. The Hon. Irving P. 
Wanger introduced a bill in Congress for the erection of two 
arches at a cost of $50,000. These were to be placed at two 
of the entrances to the Park. The bill went to the Senate, and 
was amended by the substitution of one arch for two, and of 
$100,000, instead of $50,000. 

"The act of Congress approved June 25, 1910, authorizes 
the erection upon the site of the encampment during the winter 
of 1777-1778 of the American Army at Valley Forge, Pennsyl- 
vania, of a memorial arch in commemoration of the patriotism 
displayed and the suffering endured by General GEORGE 
WASHINGTON, his officers and men during said winter. 



152 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

The National Arch was designed by Paul Philippe Cret, 

Professor of Design in the University of Pennsylvania, and was 
erected under the supervision of the Government engineers. 
The inscription of dedication is in bronze letters on the front: 

TO THE OFFICERS AND PRIVATE SOLDIERS 

OF THE CONTINENTAL ARMY 

DECEMBER I9, 1777 JUNE IQ, I778 

Over the arch is the following: 

ERECTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE ACT OF CONGRESS JUNE 25, IQIO. 

On the back of the arch is Washington's tribute to the 
soldiers of Valley Forge: — 

NAKED AND STARVING AS THEY ARE 

WE CANNOT ENOUGH ADMIRE 

THE INCOMPARABLE PATIENCE AND FIDELITY 

OF THE SOLDIERY 

WASHINGTON AT VALLEY FORGE 

FEBRUARY 16, 1 778 

Within the arch on the right is a bronze tablet bearing the 
arms of the United States and below it the following list of 
officers : 

COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF 
GEORGE WASHINGTON 
MAJOR GENERALS 
DE KALB MIFFLIN 

GREENE STEUBEN 

LAFAYETTE STIRLING 

LEE SULLIVAN 

BRIGADIER GENERALS 
ARMSTRONG PATTERSON 

DU PORTAIL POOR 

GLOVER SCOTT 

HUNTINGTON SMALL WOOD 

KNOX VARNUM 

LEARNED WAYNE 

MCINTOSH WEEDON 

MAXWELL WOODFORD 

MUHLENBERG 



:' ' THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. - > 

AND HERE 

IN THIS PLACE 

OF SACRIFICE 

IN THIS VALE OF HUMILIATION 

IN THIS VALLEY OF THE SHADOW 

OF THAT DEATH OUT OF WHICH 

THE LIFE OF AMERICA ROSE 

REGENERATE AND FREE 

LET US BELIEVE 

WITH AN ABIDING FAITH 

THAT TO THEM 

UNION WILL SEEM AS DEAR 

AND LIBERTY AS SWEET [■ 

AND PROGRESS AS GLORIOUS 

AS THEY WERE TO OUR FATHERS . , ,. . 

AND ARE TO YOU AND ME 

AND THAT THE INSTITUTIONS 

WHICH HAVE MADE US HAPPY 

PRESERVED BY THE 

VIRTUE OF OUR CHILDREN 

SHALL BLESS 

THE REMOTEST GENERATION 

OF THE TIME TO COME 

HENRY ARMITT BROWN 

Poor's Brigade. — On the slopes to the right, at some dis 
tance from the Gulph Road, the New Hampshire and New York 
troops were encamped. They had as their commander one of 
the bravest men in the army, Enoch Poor, who was to become a 
martyr to the cause of liberty. In his honor the Commission 
has named this part of the boulevard "Brigadier-General Poor 
Avenue." He was described by Washington as "an officer of 
distinguished merit, who as a citizen and a soldier, had every 
claim to the esteem of his country." He came to Valley Forge 
from the defeat of Burgoyne, in which happy result he had taken 
a distinguished part, leading the furious charge which broke the 
line of the British. His command had suffered terribly at Still- 
water, two-thirds of the whole American loss in killed, wounded 
and missing being sustained by his brigade. 



154 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

"I must beg lieve to Request your Excellency to order the 
Clothing (or a part), now in your State Store, to be sent to 
Camp for the 2nd and 4th York Regts. ; for it is beyond De- 
scription to Conceive what the men Suffer, for want of Shoes, 
Stockings, Shirts, Breeches and Hats. I have upwards of 
Seventy men unfit for Duty, only for want of the articles of 
Clothing; Twenty of which have no Breeches at all, so that 
they are obliged to take their Blankets to Cover their Naked- 
ness, and as many without a Single Shirt, Stocking or Shoe; 
about Thirty fit for Duty; the Rest Sick or lame, and God 
knows it won't be long before they will all be laid up, as the 
poor Fellows are obliged to fitch wood and water on their 
Backs, half a mile with bare legs in Snow or mud." 

Thus wrote Col. Philip van Cortlandt to Governor Clinton 
On the 13th of February pleading for the poor men who were 
encamped here. What he says about the water supply was 
only too true, for the nearest spring is Todd's, down in the 
valley. 

Upon the marker the Commission has placed a tablet giving 
the following information about the regiments in the brigade: 

1ST REGIMENT, NEW HAMPSHIRE INFANTRY, COLONEL JOSEPH CILLEY 
2D REGIMENT, NEW HAMPSHIRE INFANTRY, COLONEL NATHAN HALE 
3D REGIMENT, NEW HAMPSHIRE INFANTRY, COLONEL ALEXANDER 

SCAMMELL 
2D REGIMENT, NEW YORK INFANTRY, COLONEL PHILIP CORTLANDT 
4TH REGIMENT, NEW YORK INFANTRY, COLONEL HENRY LIVINGSTON 

Col. Nathan Hale is, of course, not to be confounded with 
Capt. Nathan Hale, whose capture and execution as a spy make 
a sad chapter in the history of the Revolution. His execution 
took place in New York, September 22, 1776. Even Colonel 
Hale, who was a New Hampshire man, and, like his namesake, 
from Connecticut, died a martyr's death, was not at Valley 
.Forge. He was captured in the Battle of Hubbardton, July 7, 
'l'^'j'7, and died in prison, September 23, 1780. 
\-p, This was the brigade of famous colonels. 



THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 155 

In the Battle of Saratoga one cannon was taken and retaken 
five times, so fierce was the conflict. Colonel Cilley, commander 
of the first regiment, finally leaped upon it, waved his sword, 
and "dedicating the gun to the American cause," fired it upon the 
British with their own ammunition with fearful effect. 

During Lafayette's visit to New Hampshire in 1824 an old 
veteran called upon him for a sentiment, and the response was 
"Light-infantry Poor, and Yorktown Scammel." Both were 
New Hampshire men, and both had given their lives for their 
country. Scammel was encamped here until he was made 
adjutant-general, and as such becam^ a member of Washington's 
official family, January 5, 1778. One has described him as "the 
knight sans peur et sans reproche of the Revolution." He was 
the same height as Washington, 6 feet 2 inches, and was pro- 
portioned as an Apollo. At Yorktown he was captured by the 
Hessians and so wounded after his capture as to die from the 
effects of the murderous treatment. Brave, able and chivalrous 
he was dearly beloved in the army. 

Weems tells of the storming of two redoubts before York- 
town which were carried immediately. "The British called for 
quarters: A voice of death was heard, 'Remember poor Scam- 
mel !' 'Remember, gentlemen, you are Americans !' was re- 
joined by the commander; and instantly the points of the Ameri- 
can bayonets were thrown up towards heaven." 

Colonel Livingston and Colonel van Cortlandt, after dis- 
tinguished services, were honored with the rank of brigadier- 
general at the close of the war, and both took part in the wel- 
come extended to Lafayette on his visit to America in 1824 

Wayne's Brigade. — The two columns rising to the right 
and left of the boulevard were erected by the State of Penn- 
sylvania to mark the beginning of the encampment of the 
Pennsylvania Line. These are of granite, surmounted by bronze 
eagles. On the bases are placed four bronze bas-reliefs of 
Generals Armstrong, Muhlenberg, Cadwalader, St. Clair, Har- 
man, Irvine, Mifflin and Reed, Pennsylvania's contribution to 
the War of the Revolution. The sculptor is Mr. Bush-Brown. 

Thatcher, in his journal, describes the Pennsylvanians as 
"remarkably stout and hardy men, many of them exceeding six 



156 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



feel in height. They are dressed in white frocks or rifle shirts 
and round hats." He also speaks of their great skill with the 
rifle, bu: this may have been the exception rather than the rule. 
General Wayne, their commander, at any rate, was not greatly 
impressed with the value of the rifle. In a letter to Richard 
Peters, Secretary of War, he says: "T don't like rifles. I wnuld 
almost as soon face an enemy with a good musket and bayonet 
wiihout ammunition, as with ammunition without a bayonet, for 
although there are not many instances of bloody bayonets, yet I 
am confident that one bayonet keeps ofi^ another, and for want of 
which the Chief of the Defeats we have met with ou^h in a 
Kreni measure to be aTiributed." 




The Soldiers' Hospital. 

Wayne also considered a soldier's uniform another great 
element in successful warfare, as he declares in a letter to 
Washington : "I must acknowledge," he says, "that I have an 
insuperable bias in favor of an elegant uniform and soldierly- 
appearance; so much so, that I would rather risk my life and 
reputation at the head of the same men in an attack, clothed 



THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 



157 



and appointed as I could wish, merely with bayonets and a 
single charge of ammunition, than to take them as they appear 
in common, with sixty rounds of cartridges." Washington fully 
endorsed this, saying, "I agree perfectly with you as to the im- 
portance of dress." 

Both bayonets and uniforms were scarce articles at Valley 
Forge. Until Steuben came the soldiers used the former for 
spits. The latter were chiefly rags. Earlier in 1777 Wayne 
wrote that in one of his regiments the soldiers "never received 




The Pennsylvania Columns. 



any uniform except hunting shirts, which are worn out, and 
altho' a body of fine men, yet from being in rags and badly 
armed they are viewed wi:h contempt by the other trocps, and 
begin to despise themselves." He made frantic efforts lo clothe 
his troops, even purchasing the cloth needed, but to no effect. 



158 GUIDE TO VALLEY FUKGE. 

At one time the supplies could not be forwarded to the camp 
because the council had failed to fix the time for shipment, and 
on another occasion the clothes were held because buttons were 
needed. Wayne himself had formerly appeared dressed with 
exemplary neatness, but here, that he might not make the rags 
of his poor soldiers appear more conspicuous, he wore "a dingy 
red coat, a black cravai and tarnished hat." 

Wayne was deeply moved by the sufferings of his men and 
did all in his power 10 relieve them. Here is a portion of a 
letter to the Secretary of War in which he tells of some of the 
horrors of this camp : "I am no: fond of danger, but I would 
most cheerfully agree to enter into action, once every week, in 
place of visiting each hut of my encampment (which is my con- 
stant practice) and where objects strike my eye whose wre.ched 
condition beggars all description. . . . For God's sake give 
us, if you can't give us any.hing else, give us linen that we may 
be Enabled to preserve the poor Worthy fellows from the Ver- 
min that are now devouring them. . . . Some hundreds we 
have buried who have died of a disorder produced by want of 
Clothing." 

The Second Brigade, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Wil 
liam Butler, occupied the ground nearest to the memorial col- 
umns, and on the righr of the boulevard are still to be seen the 
marks of their huts. The marker gives this information in 
regard to this brigade : 

SECOND BRIGADE 
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL WILLIAM BUTLER 

COMMANDING 

4TH REGIMENT INFANTRY. LIEUTENANT-COLONEL WILLIAM BUTLEK 

RAISED JANUARY II, 1777,' MUSTERED OUT NOVEMBER 3, I783 

5TH REGIMENT INFANTRY, COLONEL FRANCIS JOHNSTON 

RAISED JANUARY I, 1777; MUSTERED OUT JANUARY I, ~~" 

8th REGIMENT INFANTRY, COLONEL DANIEL BRODHEAD 

RAISED JULY 20, I776; MUSTERED OUT JANUARY I7, I781 

IITH REGIMENT INFANTRY, COLONEL RICHARD HAMPTON 

RAISED OCTOBER 25, 1 776 

CONSOLIDATED WITH lOTH REGIMENT INFANTRY JUNE 24, I778 



THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 159 

To the east of the Second Brigade was encamped the First, 
under Colonel Thomas Hartley. It consisted of the following 
regiments: First Regiment Infantry, Colonel James Chambers; 
raised July i, 1776; mustered out November 3, 1783. Second 
Regiment Infai:try, Colonel Henry Bicker; raised October 25, 
1776; mustered out November 3, 1785. Seventh Regiment In- 
fantry, Lieutenant-Colonel David Grier; raised January i, 1777; 
mustered out January 17, 1781. Tenth Regiment Infantry, Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel Adam Hubley; raised October 25, 1776; mustered 
out January 17, 1781. Hartley's Additional Regiment of Infantry, 
Lieutenant-Colonel Morgan Connor; raised January 11, 1777; 
consolidated with Eleventh Regiment Infantry, January 13, 1779. 

Brigadier-General Anthony Wayne. — The Pennsyl- 
vanians were honored in having as their commander one of the 
greatest and most popular men of the Revolution, Anthony 
Wayne. He was a born fighter, and it was said "where Wayne 
went there was a fight always ; that was his business." His un- 
expected successes in perilous enterprises won for him the title 
of "Mad," but he was far from the rash man many imagine him 
to have been. Washington called him "prudent," and a study of 
his life reveals the fact that he had a cool head as well as 
impetuous valor, and was withal sagacious and tactful. The 
spirit of the man is reflected it seems to me in two of his say- 
ings, both addressed to Washington: "It is not in our power to 
Command Success, but it is in our power to produce a Convic- 
tion to the world that we deserve it," and "General, I'll storm 
hell, if you plan it." 

Wayne was born at Easttown, only a few miles away, and 
knew this country well. To the south, near the Centreville 
road, was his headquarters while at Valley Forge. The Sons 
of the Revolution have placed a marker on the road, which tells 
the visitor that "600 yards east from this stone is the head- 
quarters of Major-General Anthony Wayne." 

The Wayne Statue. — The equestrian statue of Major- 
General Anthony Wayne was erected by the Commonwealth of 
Pennsylvania at a cost of $30,000, through a Commission con- 
sisting of Col. John P. Nicholson, Richard M. Cadwalader. 




The Wayne Moni'meni, 



THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 161 

Esq., and John Armstrong Herman, Esq. It was dedicated on 
the 20th of June, 1908, with impressive ceremonies, in which the 
Pennsylvania Society, Sons of the Revolution, and Battery E, 
Third U. S. Artillery, took part. The orator of the day was 
the Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker, LL. D. 

H. K. Bush-Brown was the sculptor who has been most 
successful in his effort to present Wayne as the ideal warrior,, 
such as "every man in arms should wish to be." 

A replica of the statue has been erected at Stony Point,. 
N. Y. 

The bronze tablets bear the arms of the State and the fol- 
lowing inscriptions : 

ANTHONY WAYNE 
COLONEL CHESTER COUNTY BATTALION OF MINUTE MEN, JULY 21, I775 
COLONEL 4TH PENNSYLVANIA INFANTRY BATTALION, JANUARY 3, I776 
BRIGADIER-GENERAL CONTINENTAL ARMY, FEBRUARY 21, 1777, TO 
NOVEMBER 3, 1 783 
BREVETTED MAJOR-GENERAL SEPTEMBER 3O, 1 783 
"resolved unanimously THAT THE THANKS OF 
CONGRESS BE PRESENTED TO BRIGADIER-GENERAL WAYNE 
FOR HIS BRAVE, PRUDENT AND SOLDIERLY CONDUCT IN 
THE SPIRITED AND WELL-CONDUCTED ATTACK ON STONY 
point; that a gold medal emblematical OF THE 
ACTION BE STRUCK AND PRESENTED TO BRIGADIER- 
GENERAL WAYNE." 
MAJOR-GENERAL AND COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF UNITED STATES ARMY, 
MARCH 5, 1792, TO DECEMBER 1 5, 1 796 
CHAIRMAN OF THE CHESTER COUNTY COMMITTEE, I774 
DEPUTY TO THE PROVINCIAL CONVENTION, 1 774 
MEMBER OF THE ASSEMBLY, 1774, I784-I78S 
DELEGATE TO THE PROVINCIAL CONVENTION, 1 775 
MEMBER OF THE COMMITTEE OF SAFETY, I775-T776 
MEMBER OF THE COUNCIL OF CENSORS. T783 
MEMBER OF THE PENNSYLVANIA CONVENTION TO RATIFY THE CONSTI- 
TUTION, 1787 ■ 
BORN IN CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA, JANUARY I, I745 
DIED AT PRESQU' ISLE, PENNSYLVANIA, DECEMBER I5, I796 
"lead ME forward" — WAYNE AT STONY POINT 



1 62 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



Scott's Brigade. — This strategic point was occupied by 
General Scott's Brigade. The line of earthworks is plainly seen 
above the boulevard. The steps from the boulevard lead up to a 
lunette upon which the Commission has planted a battery, thus 
telling the use of the earthwork. Like Washington, Charles 
Scott had learned his first lessons of war in the ill-fated expedi- 
tion under Braddock, in which he served as a non-commissioned 
officer. At the outbreak of the war he raised the first company 
south of the James River, and was made colonel of the 3d Vir- 
ginia Battalion. At the conference of officers at Whitemarsh 




Knox's Headquarters. 



to decide whether an attack should be made on Philadelphia, 
he voted with the minority in the affirmative. The others of 
the same opinion were Lord Stirling, Wayne and Woodford. 
His bravery was unquestioned, and at Monmou.h he was the 
last to leave the field. 

From this point there is a beautiful view of the rich farm- 
lands and the Valley Forge hills. A grand panorama of the 



THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 163 

famous Chester Valley lies before one. To the right is Mount 
Joy, and directly in the foreground of the picture is General 
Knox's headquarters — a white house with red roof. The fields 
between and a long way beyond belong to the Hon. Philander 
C. Knox's "Valley Forge Farm." His residence lies in the valley 
beyond, the old farmhouse being occupied by Mr. and Mrs. J. R. 
Tindle. 

General Knox's Headquarters. — Naturally one recalls 
the romance of General Knox and his young wife, who lived 
here during the time of the encampment. She was the daugh- 
ter of the Secretary of the province of Massachusetts, who was 
a strong Tory. Lucy Flucker was the belle of Massachusetts, 
and when her love for John Knox, the poor bookseller, was dis- 
covered her incensed father told her she must decide between 
her family and her lover. The choice had already been made, 
and the young lovers were married, her family soon leaving the 
country. After the battles of Lexington and Concord, Knox 
gave up his business and entered the army, his devoted wife 
following him through all the campaigns. 

When Washington took command of 'he army he was 
sadly in need of cannon. The young Boston bookseller's sug- 
gestion to obtain a supply from the forts on Lake George and 
the Canadian frontier was ridiculed, but in a personal inter- 
view the enthusiastic patriot convinced Washington of the 
feasibility of the plan and Knox was given permission to carry 
it out. The result approved Washington's judgment of the 
man. Through almost trackless forests he dragged the cannon, 
fifty-five in all, hundreds of miles to the camp at Boston, where 
he was received amid the acclamations of the troops. His reward 
was a commission as a brigadier-general of artillery, and, better 
far, the friendship of Washington, whose constant companion 
he became. 

Mrs. Knox was a close friend of the Commander-in-Chief 
and his wife, both of whom came to rely upon her judgment. 
"In social and ceremonial affairs she was the arbiter in the 
army, and afterward the chief adviser of Mrs. Washington in 
New York and Philadelphia." Here she helped in the sewing 
and knitting at the headquarters, and by her spirit and cheer- 




Statue of Baron von Steuben. 



THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 165 

ful endurance of privation greatly encouraged the suffering 
soldiers. 

'i"he boulevard makes a sharp curve r.jund the extremity 
of the hill before descending to cross to Mount Joy. 

Here the Commission has placed a marker, giving the fol- 
lowing information: 

scott's brigade 
brigauier-glnekal charles scott 

commanding 

additional infantry regiment, pennsylvania line, colonel 

john patton 

(raised JA.NUARV II, 1777. CUNSOLlJATED WITH IITH REGLMKNT 

infantry, ja.xlary i3, 1779) 

4th virginia infantry 

8th Virginia infantry, colonel Abraham bowman 

i2th virginia infantry 

virginia regiment infantrv-al -large, colonel william grayson 

This peini gives one of the best views of the wooded slopes 
of wha: might have been the last stand for American liberty. 
Washington Redoubt occupies the commanding position just above 
the point where the boulevard crosses the Centreville Road. To 
the left of this lay Woodford's Brigade, the site being indicated 
near enough by the narrow clearing. 

Directly in fron., on leaving the marker, one can see the 
statue of Steuben, and in the distance Waterman Monument, 
and pbove it on the hill the Cloister of the Colonies and the 
W^ashington Memorial Chapel, and to the left, the Defenders' 
Gate. 

Statue of Baron von Steuben, — The bronze statue of 
Major General Frederick Wilhelm von Steuben the famous 
drill-master of Valley Forge, is the work of J. Otto Schwizer, 
and v^'^as given by the National German-American Alliance. The 
formal presentation was made October 9. T916 when Adjutant 
General Thomas J. Stewart, accepted the =tatue on behalf of 
Governor Brumbaugh, and Mr. William H. Sayen on behalf of 



l66 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

the Valley Forge Park Commission. Addresses were made by 
Dr. C. J. Hexamer, Mr. Herman Ritter, Jr., and J. B. Mayer. 

The granite base bears a bas-rehef, depicting a squad of 
soldiers drilling before the stern commander, and the following 
inscription : 

MAJOR GENERAL FREDERICK WILHELM VON STEUBEN 
ERECTED BY THE NATIONAL GERMAN-AMERICAN ALLIANCE, I915. 

Washington and Steuben met at Valley Forge, and Wash- 
ington's last official act as commander-in-chief was to write a 
cordial letter to the Baron in which he said: "Although I have 
taken frequent opportunities both in public and in private of 
acknowledging your great zeal, attention and abilities in per- 
forming the duties of your office, yet I wish to make use of this 
my last moment of my public life to signify in the strongest 
terms my entire approbation of your conduct and to express 
my sense of the obligations the public is under to you for your 
faithful and meritorious services." 

Monument to the Unknown Dead. — At the sharp 
curve in the boulevard, Valley Forge Chapter, Daughters of the 
American Revolution, has erected a monument to the unknown 
dead at Valley Forge. The massive block of granite, standing 
near where the faded flags and rough stones mark the graves 
of unknown soldiers of the Revolution, and near the spot 
marked by the Commission as a burial ground, is most im- 
pressive. The bronze tablet bears this inscription : 

IN MEMORY OF 

UNKNOWN SOLDIERS 

BURIED AT VALLEY FORGE 

1777 — 1778 

ERECTED BY 

VALLEY FORGE CHAPTER 

DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 

This monument was dedicated June i8, 191 1, when the 
oration was delivered by the Rev. Charles H. Rorer, D.D. The 
introductory address was made by the Hon. Samuel W. Penny- 
packer. Mrs. Joseph Fornance, Regent of the Valley Forge 



THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 



167 



Chapter, unveiled the stone, assisted by Mrs. F. I. Naile and 
Mrs. Wilfrid Stauffer, and made the speech of presentation. 
The monument was accepted by Mr. William H. Sayen, President 
of the Valley Forge Park Commission, on behalf of the State 
of Pennsylvania. The chaplain of the day was the Rev. W. 
Herbert Burk. 

A Soldiers' Hospital. — In the wood on the right, pro- 
tected by the hill, stood one of the brigade hospitals, and on its 




Monument to the Unknown Dead. 

site the Park Commission has built a reproduction of the original. 
As it is completely furnished it is well worth visiting. A path 
to the right of the statue leads to it. 

In the orders of January 13, 1778, are the following direc- 
tions for the erection of the hospitals "The Flying Hospital 
Hutts are to be 15 feet wide and 25 long in the clear and the 
story at least 9 feet high to be covered with boards or Shingles 



168 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGZ. 



only without any dirt, Windows made on each side and a 
Chimney at one end, Two Such Hospitals are to be made for 
each Brigade at or near the Center and if the ground permit 
of it not more than lOO yards distance from the Brigade." 

Two days later the Quartermaster-General was "positively 
ordered to provide Straw for the use of the Troops and " the 
Surgeons to see that the sick when they are ordered to tlje 
Hutts assigned for the Hospital are plentyfully suplied with 
this article." From the orders of April 17th we learn that the 
regimental quartermasters were "directed to go Into the Country, 
and make contracts with proper Persons for bringing in Milk 
and other Necessaries for the Sick." 





^^HVQ 








^^^S^^^Km^^jS^ —- ~ i!j^' 








■^^MHl Iji^I d, r " ^^HBhI' 


o^^^H^^B 






M piw iT^B' ^ 








iT 


i ^ 


■"" 



Interior of the Hospital. 

Dr. Waldo, one of the surgeons at Valley Forge, has left 
this dcscrip;i(-n of the sick soldier as he knew him: "There comes 
a Soldier — His bare feet are seen thro' his worn Shoes — his 
legs nearly naked from the tatter'd remains of an only pair of 
stockings — his Breeches not sufficient to cover his Nakedness— 



THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 169 

his shirt hanging in Strings — his hair dishevell'd — his face meagre 
— his whole appearance pictures a person forsaken & discour^ 
aged. He comes, and crys with an air of wretchedness & dis- 
pair — I am Sick — my feet lame — my legs are sore — my body 
cover'd with this tormenting Itch — my cloaths are worn out — my 
Constitution broken — my former Activity is exhausted by fatigue, 
hunger & Cold — I fail fast, I shall soon be no more ! and all the 
reward I shall get will be — 'Poor Will is dead.' " 

Mr, Bolton says that "From the records of the general hos- 
pital at Sunbury, Penn., for 1777-80, it appears that about four- 
tenths of the patients (not counting the convalescents) were the 
wounded; about three-tenths suffered from diarrhoea or dysen- 
tery, and one-tenth from rheumatism. To state this in another 
form, lack of proper food and shelter crippled the army as 
much as did the fire of the enemy." Here at Valley Forge 
small-pox must be added to the list, as well as the itch. In such 
a camp filth was a large factor in disease and death. The 
smoke of gunpowder and pitch daily might conceal its presence 
for awhile, but it remained to do its deadly work. 

The hut is furnished with cots and an operating table, and a 
plentiful supply of herbs is suspended from the ceiling. h 

Remains of the brigade bake ovens have been found close 
by. These were a necessity, as this brigade was so far dis- 
tant from the bakehouse. 

Between the boulevard and the Centreville Road lies the 
burial ground, while to the right is the site of General Knox's 
stables. The Artillery Park was located on the ground along 
the Washington Lane. 

The Centreville Road, to the left, is the most direct route to 
Devon, three miles away. Visitors desiring to reach the Valley 
Creek Road should turn to the left, follow the Centreville Road 
as far as the first house on the right, turn to the right, pass 
General Knox's headquar'ers, and turn to the right at the 
creek. This makes a delightful route to Washington's head- 
quarters. 

Washington Lane, which passes in front of the inner line 
of fortifications, passes the site of General Knox's. Artillery, the 
Camp School and the Grand Parade, and is the most direct route 




.«V^^.--3 



'e X c e l l e n c •: 

GEORGE V/ASHINGTON, Esquire, 

G E N E R A L and C O M M AN D K R in C I H E F of the FoKcr.s 
of the United States of A-Mviuca. 

BY Vinm of the Powi:r and Direction to Me cfpe- 
cially given, I hereby enjoin and require all Perfons 
rcHdirig within (eventy Miles of my Plead Quarters re 
threlh one Half of their Gr un by the i ft Day of February, 
and the other Half by the ift Day of March next enfuing, 
on Pain, in Cafe of Failure, of having all that (hall re- 
main in Sheaves after the Period above ir.crttioncd, feized 
.by the CommiiTaries and Quarier-Mafcers of the Army, 
and paid for as Straw. 

GIVEN ;/WfV- //v;^ Handy at Head ^arfers^ r.car 
the Valley Forge^ in Pbikdefphia Coi'uty^ this zotb 
Day of December^ i-Jll- 

G. JF A S H I N G T O N, 
By His Excellency's Comn.and, : 
Robert H. Harrisox, Sec'y. 



LANCASTER: 



J O K X D U N L A P. 



A Valley Forge Broadside. 

From die original in the possession of tiie Historical Society 

of Pennsylvania, 



THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 



171 



to the Valley Forge Museum of American History and the Wash- 
ington Memorial Chapel. Turn to the right at the end of the 
lane. 

The Camp Road, the first to the left at Washington Redoubt, 
passes the site of a blacksmith shop, the site of Washington's 
Marquee, Maxwell's Brigade and Conway's Brigades terminates 
at Washington Lane near the River Road. 

The second road to the left at Washington Redoubt is the 
Inner Line Boulevard, the route described after the Washington 
Lane and Camp Road. 




The Valley Forge Imp, a Gargoyle on the Washington 
Memorial Chapel. 



! 




^ a 

CO 

en d 

O *^ 



THE WASHINGTON LANE AND CAMP ROAD. 

VISITORS to the Washington Memorial Chapel and Valley 
Forge Museum who have not time to make the longer 
tour of the camp should return to Washington Lane, and 
turn to t'-.e left. The Lane runs along the entire front of the 
fortifications from Huntington Redoubt to Washington Redoubt. 
The former is plainly seen standing out from the hillside on the 
right. To the south of it was General Huntington's brigade 
of Connecticut troops. The Camp Road has been continued 
across the Gulph Road to a point near the River Road. T'lis 
runs close by the marker of Huntington's Brigade. 

Huntington's Brigade. — When Congress asked for 
eighty-eight regiments of infaiitry it decided to call upon 
Connecticut for eight of them. That State not only gave this 
large percentage, and more, of the men required, but also fur- 
nished supplies so bijiunifully as to win the title of "the 
Provision State." Washingt( n wrote to Gov. Jonathan Trumbull 
telling of the dire need of the army and ar once the Committee 
of Safety provided $200,000 with which to purchase "live beef" 
to be sent to Valley Forge. The first drove to reach the camp 
was devoured in five days. 

Connecticut deserves high honor for the way in which her 
soldiers were cared for while in the field. In a letter to Governor 
Trumbull Washington said: "Among the troops retiumed unfit 
for duty for want of clothing, none of your State are included. 
The care of your legislature in providing for their men is highly 
laudable, and reflects the greatest honor upon their patriotism 
and humanity." 

Much of this credit was due ro the zealous patriotism and 
shrewd hu.sino?? ability of the old Governor, whose sterlmg 
qualities won the love and honor of the Commander-in-Chief. 
In his difficulties he was wont to appeal to Governor Trumbull 
with the remark. "Let us hear what Brother Jonathan has to 
say." This is supposed tn liave been the oriein of the fam.iliar 
personification of the L'nited ."^raes as "Brother Jonathan." 

(173) 



174 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

Although the Connecticut troops were well clad, they had 
to suffer with the whole army on account of the disordered 
commissary department. On the 226. of December, General 
Huntington wrote as follows to Washington : "1 received an 
order to hold my brigade in readiness to march. Fighting 
would be far preferable 10 starving. My brigade are out of 
provisions nor can the commissary obtain any meat. I am ex- 
ceedingly sorry in being the bearer of complaints to Head- 
quarters. I have used every argument my imagination can in- 
vent to make the soldiers easy, but I despair of being able to 
do it much longer." 

The site of the encampment is marked by the Park Com- 
mission which furnishes the following information in regard to 
the brigade: 

Huntington's brigade 
brigadier-general jedediah huntington 

commanding 
1st regiment, connecticut infantry, lieutenant-colonel 

samuel prentice 
2d regiment, connecticut infantry, colonel charles webb 
5th regiment, connecticut infantry, colonel philip b. bradley 
7th regiment, connecticut infantry, colonel reman swift 

Conway's Brigade — The Conway Cabal. — Next to 
Huntington's Brigade was Conways. Ihe site of this is marked 
by the battery, placed by the Park Commission on the remains 
of a redoubt, and behind it the marker. wi:h this inscription: 

continental army 
valley forge, december iq, i777 — june 18, i778 

Stirling's dh-ision 

major-general lord stirling 

pennsylvania brigade 

commanding 

3d regiment infantry, colonel thomas craig 

raised january i. 1777; mustered out november 3, i783 



THE WASHINGTON LANE AND GULPH ROAD. 17? 

6th regiment infantry, lieutenant-colonel josiah harmar 

raised january i, 1777; mustered out june i, i783 

qth regiment infantry, lieutenant-colonel george nagel 

raised october 25, i776 ; mustered out january i7, i781 

.; i2th regiment infantry, colonel william cooke 

raised october i, i776; consolidated with 3d regiment infantry, 

JULY I, 1778 

. r: - •■ 
This was Conway's Brigade. His name is inseparably con- 
nected with Valley Forge on account of the dastardly intrigue 
in which he was engaged with Gates and others to supplant 
Washington. Gates had been successful in his efforts to dis- 
place Schuyler, and had taken to himself the glory of the vic- 
tory over Burgoyne, and now sought Washington's office. He 
found favor in high places and a ready tool in Thomas Con- 
way, an Irish adventurer, who had spent much time in France 
and who had been piqued at Washington's opposition to his 
undeserved rapid advancement in the army. Colonel Wilkinson, 
aide-de-camp to General Gates, told one of Lord Stirling's staff 
of a letter which Conway had written to Gates. Lord Stirling 
reported the matter to Washington, who promptly wrote to 
Conway as follows : "Sir, — ^A letter which I received last night 
I contained the following paragraph : 'In a letter from General 
;Conway to General Gates, he says, Heaven has determined to save 
your country, or a weak General and had counsellors would have 
ruined it.' I am, sir, your humble servant George Washington." 
The attempts of the principals to exculpate themselves 
[blazoned abroad their perfidy and increased the prestige of 
jWashington. The attempt to corrupt Lafayette failed, and the 
f'Conway Cabal," as it was called, utterly collapsed after the 
Ifiasco of the much-heralded invasion of Canada. Conway's con- 
ditional resignation was unconditionally accepted by Congress. 
Later he was wounded by General Cadwalader in a duel, and 
under the impression that he would not live he wrote a letter 
[of apology to Washington. His wound was not mortal, and on 
is recovery he returned to France. 

Colonel Malcom's regiment was added to the brigade by 
ashington on October nth. This fact is of interest because 



176 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

it helps us locate "Little Burr," as he was called, the story of 
whose ruined life forms one of the saddest pages in American 
history. As lieutenant-colonel in Malcom's regiment he was 
encamped on this hillside, although much of his time seems to 
have been spent at Gulph Mills, in command of the picket, where 
he ruled with a tirm hand and won the hatred of his men. 
He was strongly prejudiced against Washington, whom he dis- 
liked. Alexander Hamilton, whom he killed in a duel years 
after, was at this time one of Washington's aides. 

Here, too, we must place James Monroe, fifth President of 
the United States. He was a lieutenant in the 3d Virginia Regi- 
ment, and was among the wounded a: Trenton. He took part 
in the battles of Brandywine and GermantOAvn, and while the 
army was encamped at Whitemarsh he was made aide-de-camp 
to Gen. James Alexander, claimant to the earldom of Stirling, and 
commonly known as Lord Stirling. Major Monroe resigned on 
December 20, 1778, and his military services concluded with an 
assignment to duty by Thomas Jefferson. 

The Park Commission has located a blacksmith shop a few 
feet back of the marker. 

The Old Schoolhouse. — At the intersection of the Gulph 
Road and Washington Lane stand two schoolhouses, that to 
The east being the Camp School, now the Camp Tea House, was 
used by the children of the district, while that to the left was 
used by the troops as a hospital. It was built in 1705 by Letitia 
Aubrey, the second daughter of William Penn. The Park Com- 
mission has restored the building to its original condition, and 
thus speaks of its work: "The desks and benches around the 
walls of the building with the blaster's desk erected upon the 
platform, as in 'y^ olden style,' have been placed in their proper 
positions, and thus the young of the present have an object 
lesson as to the manner with which the inculcation of the youth 
with the rudiments of education was imparted in earlier days."' 
Since it was opened to the public, May 15, 1908, it has attracted 
large numbers of the visitors to the park, who have found it 
Avell worth seeina:. An interesting collection of relics dug up 
m the Park is on exhibition. 



THE WASHINGTON LANE AID GULPH ROAD. 



n 



To the left of the walk there is a small cannon, a four- 
pounder, from the palmetto fort on Sullivan's Island, in the 
harbor of Charleston, S. C. After doing service in its defense 
it was used on a Continental privateer. The large cannon on 
the right was presented by the Navy Department of the United 
States. It bears the arms of Great Britain and the initials G. 
R., showing that it was once the property of King George III, 




The Old Schoolhouse. 



Washington Redoubt is little more than a quarter of a :iiile 
beyond the schoolhouse, and between them was the artillery park. 
Those who have the time will do well if, instead of continuing 
by the Washington Lane, they return to the Gulph Road and 
turn to the left. A quarter of a mile from the lane turn to the 
left on the Camp Road. 

Maxwell's Brigade. — At the corner the Park Commis- 
sion has placed a marker to show the location of the New Jer- 



178 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

sey troops which occupied this ground. The tablet gives the 
following information : 

Sullivan's division 
major-general john sullivan 

maxwell's HRIGAnF. 
BRIGADIER -GENERAL WILLIAM MAXWELL 

COMMANDING 

1ST NEW J1:RSEY INFANTRY, COLONEL MATHIAS OGDEN 
2D NEW JERSEY INFANTRY, COLONEL ISRAEL SHREVE 
3D NEW JERSEY INFANTRY, COLONEL ELIAS DAYTON 
4TH NEW JERSEY INFANTRY, COLONEL EPHRAIM MARTIN 

Site of Washington's Marquee. — A short distance be- 
yond the New Jersey marker there is a road to the right, leading 
up to the Inner Line Boulevard. By continuing on the Camp 
Road another road is soon reached, having the same termina- 
tion. To the left of this point the Park Commission has located 
Washington's Marquee. 

Washington's First Headquarters. — When the army 

went into camp Washington did not establis'i his headquarters 
in any of the farmhouses in the neighborhood, but had his 
marquee placed on this hillside in close proximity to the artil- 
lery park. This seems to be borne out by the first Valley Forge 
orders — "The Guards to parade near the park." His intention 
had been to make his permanent quarters with the soldiers, as 
he did until Christmas Day. 

Washington's quarters consisted of two tents, one a large 
banqueting tent, capable of seating forty or fifty persons, and 
a smaller tent for his personal use. The former is pwned by 
the Government and the latter is now in the Valley Forge TMu- 
seum, and is the greatest relic of Washington at Valley Forge. 
A de'^cription of this tent will be found in the accotmt of the 
Washington Memorial Chapel and the Valley Forge Museum. 
These buildings lie to the northeast and are plainly visible from 
this point. 

The decision to encamp here had been reached only after 
a long and tedious argument into which we need not enter. 



THE WASHINGTON LANE AND GULPH ROAD. 



179 



The decision was met with a protest from the Assembly of 
Pennsylvania, whose members considered it the duly of Wash- 
ington to keep the field throughout the winter. He was stung 
to the quick by this utter lack of consideration for the men 
under him and addressed a long letter to the President of Con- 
gress. Washington has sometimes been regarded as passion- 
less, but these are the words of a man thoroughly aroused : 
"We have," he says, "by a field-return this day (December 23d) 
made no less than two thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight 
men now in camp unfit for duty, because they are barefoot and. 




Interior of the Camp School 



o'.herwise naked. By the same return it appears th'at our whole 
strength in Continental troops, including^ the eastern brigades, 
which have joined us since the surrender of General Burgoyne, 
exclusive of the Maryland troops sent to Wilmington, amounts to 
no more than eight thousand two hundred in carnp fit for duty; 
notwithstanding which, and that since the 4th instant, our num- 
bers fit for duty, from the hardships and exposures they have 
undergone, particularly on account of blankets (numbers having 
been obliged, and still are, to sit up all night by fires, instead of 



180 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

taking comfortable rest in a natural and common way), have 
decreased near two thousand men. 

"We find gentlemen, without knowing whether the army 
was really going into winter quarters or not (for I am sure no 
resolution of mine would warrant the remonstrance), repro- 
bating the measure as much as if they thought the soldiers 
were made of stocks or stones, and equally insensible of frost 
and snow ; and moreover, as if they conceived it easily practicable 
for an inferior army, under the disadvantages I have described 
ours to be, which are by no means exaggerated, to confine a 
superior one, in all respects well-appointed and provided for 
a winter's campaign, within the city of Philadelphia, and to 
cover from depredation and waste the States of Pennsylvania, 
and Jersey. ... I can assure :hese gentlemen, that it is a 
much easier and less distressing thing to draw remonstrances 
in a comfortable room by a good fireside, than to occupy a 
cold, bleak hill, and sleep under frost and snow, without clothes 
or blankets. However, although they seem to hav little feeling 
for the naked and distressed soldiers, I feel superabundantly for 
them, and, from my soul, I pity those miseries, which it is 
neither in my power to relieve or prevent." 

While reading these words one is reminded of Lowell's- 
tribute to Washington : 

Dumb for himself, unless it were to God, 
But for his barefoot soldiers doquent. 

Tramping the snow to coral where they trod, 
Held by his awe in hollow-eyed content. 

In these few lines the poet has told the story of Valley- 
Forge and its hero. 

In the "Memoirs of Chevalier de Pontgibaud there is an in- 
teresting description of Washington as he appeared at Valley 
Forge. "Washington," says he, "was intended by nature for 
a great position — his appearance alone gave confidence to the 
timid, and imposed respect on the bold. He possessed also 
those external advantages which a man born to command 
should have; tall stature, a noble face, gentleness in his glance,. 



THE WASHINGTON LANE AND GULPH ROAD. 181 

amenity in his language, simplicity in his gestures and ex- 
pression. A calm, firm bearing harmonized perfectly with these 
attributes. . . . He appeared to be about forty. He dressed 
in the most simple manner, without any of the marks dis- 
tinctive of a commanding officer." 

The West Chester State Normal School has in its pos- 
session a portrait of Washington which was painted here by 
Charles Willson Peale, at that time an officer in the army. It 
is painted on bedticking. 

General Knox's Artillery. — The next point of interest 
along the Camp Road is the site of General Knox's Artillery. 
Close to the road stood the camp blacksmith shop. In front of 
this was placed the artillery, and here the Commission has placed 
a battery. Between the Camp Road and the Washington Lane 
the marks of the soldiers' huts have been found. These roads 
meet at the beginning of the Inner Line Boulevard at Wash- 
ington Redoubt. 



.^r^. 




'Optimist," the Valley Forge Imp. 




The Observatory. 



THE INNER LINE BOULEVARD. 

The Inner Line Boulevard begins at Fort Washington and 
follows the line of the earthworks. It is one of the most delight- 
ful drives in the park. Pedestrians will find a shorter n nie by 
entering the woodland to the right of the redoubt. The path 




On the Inner Line Boulevard. 

leads up the hillside, crosses the boulevard and continues to the 
observatory on Mount Joy. In front of the line of earthworks 
it passes a rifle pit. This will be seen to the right of the path. 
Washington Redoubt. — Washington Redoubt was one 
of the most important defenses of the American army at Valley 
Forge, and is well worth a visit. The old earthwork was in its 

(183) 



184 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



original condition a few years ago. It was of small size, its 
longest side being less than a hundred feet. The traverse, the 
earthwork which divided it into two parts, was seventy-five feet 
long. This was intended to protect its defenders from an enfilad- 
ing fire. The present fort was made during the past year and has 
no historic interest. A lunette to the west of the redoubt is 
marked by cai:non. 

The ground falls away steeply from the boulevard on the left, 
and through the trees are charming views of the Chester Valley. 




WvsHiNGTON Redoubt 



Woodford's Brigade. — On the right of the boulevard 

the Commission' has located the sites of soldiers' huts. These 
were probably occupied by the men of Gen. William Wood- 
ford's Brigade. When the Virginia troops assembled at Will- 
iamsbutg in the autumn of 1775 he was chosen colonel of the 



THE INNER LINE BOULEVARD. 



185 



Second Virginia Regiment, having established for himself a 
'eputation as a soldier in the French and Indian War., The 
hoice was a wise one. At Hampton Roads and Great Bridge 
■^■t _nd his Virginians acquitted themselves with honor in the 
struggle with Lord Dunmore. His ability was recognized, and 
in 1777 he was appointed brigadier-general and given command 
of the First X'irginia Brigade. Although he was wounded in 
the hand at the Battle of Brandywine, he took part in the Battle 
of Germantown, and was with the army in its encampment here. 




The Surprise View. 

This hillside will ever be reverenced as :he camping ground 
of John Marshall, who as soldier, author, jurist and statesman 
faithfully served his country, and by his wisdom laid deep 
and firm the founflation of constitutional liberty in America. He 
was only twenty-two years old when his regiment, the Eleventh 
Virginia, came to this spot, but already he was giving evidence 



186 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

of those rare qualities and great ability with which he was en- 
dowed. Disputes among his fello^v officers were referred to 
him for settlement, and his judgments were so fair and his 
reasons for them so sound that they were generally accepted as 
final. Officially he was employed as Deputy Judge Advocate, 
and in :his position formed the friendship of Washington and 
Hamilton. 

One of his companions has thus described some of their ex- 
periences here: "Most of the officers gave to their almost naked 
soldiers nearly the whole of their clothing, reserving only that 
they themselves had on. Slaughter was reduced to a single 
shirt. While rhis was being washed, he wrapped himself in a 
blanket. From the breast of his only shirt he had wristbands 
and a collar made to complete his uniform for parade. Many 
of his brother (iffi.cers were still worse otT, having no under- 
garment at all: and not one soldier in hve had a blanket. . . . 
Washington daily invited the officers, in rota ion. to dine with 
him at his private table ; but. for want of decent clothing, few 
were enabled to attend. Slaughter being so nmch better pro- 
vided, fregr.ently wen in place of others, that, as he said, 'his 
regiment might be represented.' " 

On the hillside above the boulevard can be seen the low line 
of earilnvcuks. I'hese becrme more plainly visible as the boule- 
vard approaches their western limits. At this point, where a 
guardhouse has been erected, the boulevard makes a sharp turn, 
and passes above '.he earthworks. Three-eighths of a mile from 
the end of the earthworks the boulevard is crossed by the path 
to the observatory and just beyond this is the observatory road to 
the left. 

The Observatory. — The Park Commission has won the 
gratitude of visitors to Valley Forge by the erection of the 
Mount Joy Observatory, whose platform is 500 feet above the sea- 
level. From this vantage point there is a magnificent view of 
the surrotmding country. To aid visitors to the appreciation 
of the s'rategic value of the site selected by Washington and 
his generals, a cast-iron plate has been placed on the platform, 
giving the direction and distance of each important place in the 
vicinity of Valley Forge. 



IHf. TNNEI? LINE TiOl'LEVARD. 



187 



The boulevard from its junction with the observatory road 
makes a sharp descent toward Valley Creek, whose waters gleam 
in the sunlight far below, while the Valley Creek Road, like a 
narrow pathway, follows its meanderings toward the Schuylkill. 
Beyond the woodland are the houses of Valley Forge village, 
standing on the outskirts of the rich farmland which stretches 
away until lost in the blue of the distant hills. Within a short 
distance the earthworks are again approached, and through the 




Line of Intrenchments. 

opening on the right are seen the Washington Memorial Chapel, 
the Waterman Monument and the Soldiers' Hut. The path to 
the left leads down to Washington Spring on the Valley Road, 
making a shorter route to Washington's Headquarters. A short 
•distance beyond there is a road to the right by which one can 
reach the Camp Road near the site of Maxwell's Brigade, or at 
the site of Washington's Marquee. Most persons will prefer to 
follow the main line of the boulevard to Huntington Redoubt. 



188 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



The line of intrenchments on the right is a reconstruction. For- 
tunately, the Commission will not permit any more work of this 
kind, being determined to preserve the earthworks unaltered save 
by the elements. 

The Earthworks. As one traces the line of earthworks 

as they appear to-day the question naturally arises, "What has 
been the efifect of the elements upon the original work?" For- 
tunately we can answer that question satisfactorily, for in De- 








-^. 



Intrenchments. 



cember of 1778, only a few months after the army left here, 
Capt. Thomas Anbury, formerly of Burgoyne's army, passed 
through here as a prisoner of war on his way to Virginia. He 
says : "Our troops slept in the huts at Valley Forge, which had 
been constructed by the Americans, and we remained till late 
next day for the delivery of provisions before we marched. I 
had a full opportunity to reconnoitcr :he whole camp. On the 
east and south sides were intrenchments, with a ditch six feet 



THE INNER LINE BOULEVARD. 189 

wide and three deep, the mound not four feet high, very nar- 
row and easily to have been beat down with a cannon ; two re- 
doubts were also begun, but not completed. The Schuylkill was 
on the left, and, as I before observed, hath a bridge across it; 
the rear was mostly covered by an impassable precipice formed 
by Valley Creek, having only a narrow passage near the river. 
This camp was by no means difficult of access, for the right was 
attainable, and in one part of the front the ascent was 
scarcely to be perceived. The defenses were exceedingly weak, 
and this is the only instance I ever saw of the Americans hav- 
ing such slight works, these being such that a six-pounder could 
easily have battered down. The ditches were not more than^ 
three feet deep, and so narrow that a drummer-boy might with 
ease leap over." 

One much higher in authority had a different idea of these 
works. In response to the demand of the British Government 
for the reasons for the inactivity of the army, General Howe 
replied that he "did not attack the intrenched position at Val- 
ley Forge, a strong point, during the severe season, although 
everything was prepared with that intention, judging it im- 
prrdcnt until the season should afford a prospect of reaping the 
advantages that ought to have resulted from success in that 
measure ; but having good information in the spring that the 
eneuiy had strengthened the camp by additional works, and 
being certain of moving him from thence when the campaigns 
should open, he dropped thought of attack." 

The plan for the fortifications at Valley Forge was made by 
General Louis Lebeque Duportail, a graduate of the military 
school of Mezieres. He was an able engineer and one who is 
remembered for the valuable services which he rendered the 
American people throughout the war, and especially at York- 
town. 

The path on the left beyond the line of intrenchments 
leads to the lonely grave of an unknown soldier of the Revolu- 
tion. It was this grave that suggested to Vice-President Fair- 
banks those thoughts which he so beautifully expressed in his 
address in the Washington Memorial Chapel. The grave is onljr 
.a short distance from the boulevard. 

Beyond this the Gulph Road is seen. Between it and the- 



190 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

boulevard and the Camp Road were the huts of the New Jersey- 
troops. 

The New Jersey Monument. — The New Jersey Monu- 
ment was dedicated June i8, 1913. Miss Eleanor Wilson un- 
veiled the monument which was presented by the Hon. James- 
F. Fielder, Governor of Xew Jersey, and accepted for the 
Governor of Pennsylvania by the Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker,. 
and for the Valley Forge Park Commission by Mr. William H. 
Sayen. The Rev. William Henry Stewart Demarest, D.D . 
LL.D., President of Rutgers College, was the orator of the day. 

The shaft is 35 feet high, and is surmounted by a Conti- 
nental soldier on guard. On the granite base is a bronze plate 
with the arms of New Jersey and below this a bronze tablet 
with the following inscription: 

ERECTED BY 
THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY 
UPON THE SITE OCCUPIED BY THE 
NEW JERSEY BRIGADE 
INFANTRY LINE CONTINENTAL ARMY 
BRIGADIER GENERAL WILLIAM MAXWELL 
FIRST REGIMENT COL. MATHIAS OGDEN 
SECOND REGIMENT COL. ISRAEL SHREEVE 
THIRD REGIMENT COL. ELIAS DAYTON 
FOURTH REGIMENT COL. EPHRAIN MARTIN 
DECEMBER I9 1 777 — JUNE 18 1 778 

Cut in the plinth is the following'. 

NEW JERSEY 
BRIGADE 

CONTINENTAL ARMY 

Col. William Maxwell was elected brigadier-general on Octo- 
ber 23, 1776, to command what was known as the "Second Es- 
tablishment," consisting of four battalions. Colonel Maxwell 
had entered the service of New Jersey upon the first call for 
troops issued October 9, 1775. At that time William Alexandtr, 
titular Lord Stirling, was made colonel of the First, or Eastern, 
Battalion, while Maxwell commanded the Second. 




The New Jersey Monument. 



192 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE.- 



ft is interesting to read of the enlistment of the First Es- 
tablishment, which served in the Hudson Valley and Canada. 
The men enlisted for a year, and were to be paid five dollars a 
calendar month. As a bounty each private was allowed "one 
felt hat, a pair of yarn stockings, and shoes, 'the men to find 
their own arms.' " A dollar a week was allowed for subsist- 
ence "whilst in quarters" and one and one-third dollars "whilst 




Site of Maxwell's Brigade. 



on march to join the army." It took so long to find arms and 
clothing for the troops that it was not until January that Colonel 
Maxwell could report at Albany to General Schuyler. At Ticon- 
deroga an inspection was made in October, when it was -e- 
ported that the men were "destitute of many articles of dress, 
supplies of every kind they want, but shoes and stockings they 
are in the last necessity for, many having neither to their 



THE INNER LINE BOULEVARD. 



193 



feet." Evidently this did not dampen the ardor of the men," for 
many re-enlisted and thus became the nucleus of the "Second 
Establishment," that which encamped here. As the troops were 
reported as "sadly in need of clothing" at the time of the 
Battle of Monmouth, their condition in this camp must have 
been deplorable. 

The sufferings which Maxwell's men endured at -Valley 
Forge in common with the rest of the army were nothing new. 
Valley Forge only repeated their experiences at Morristown 
during the previous winter. Washington writing on his birth- 
day in 'Tj to Commissary Irvine said : "The cry of want of 
Provisions comes to me from all Quarters. General Maxwell, 
writes word that his men are starving." -'■:; 

They were ready, however, to give a good account of them-- 
selves in the movements preceding the winter encampment. 
They formed the vanguard of the army which entered Dela- 
ware when the destination of General Howe was discovered, 
and occupied this dangerous position with honor. At Chadd's 
Ford and Birmingham Meeting House they made a gallant fight 
against overwhelming odds, and fought their way to Chester. 

Valley Forge is so inseparably connected with Washing- 
ton that everything which is commemorative of his personality 
has the greatest interest here. We associate these hills with 
his heroic endurance and patient suffering. It is good to have 
them reminiscent of his joy. 

The French Alliance. — At 6 o'clock on May 5, 1778, the 
following order was issued : "It having pleased the Almighty 
Ruler of the Universe propitiously to defend the cause of the 
United States of America, and finally, by raising us up a pow- 
erful friend, among the Princes of the Earth, to Estab- 
lish our Liberty and Independence upon lasting founda- 
tions ; It becomes us to Set apart a day, for grate- 
fully acknowledging the Divine Goodness, and celebrating the 
Important event, which we owe to his Benign interposition — The 
Several Brigades are to be assembled for this purpose, at 9 
o'clock To-morrow morning, when their Chaplains will com- 
municate the intelligence contain'd in the Postscript from the 
Pennsylvania Gazette of the 2d instant : & offer up a thanks 
giving, and deliver a discourse Suitable to the Occasion — " 



194 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



At 9 o'clock on the happiest day at Valley Forge Wash- 
ington came here to worship, and the private prayer beneath 
the leafless trees had its antiphon in the public thanksgiving 
on this green clad hill. The Rev. Andrew Hunter, a Presby- 
terian minister, the brigade chaplain, preached the sermon, but 
of it we have no record. 




Fort Huntington. 



From the pcint where the boulevard crosses the Gulph 
Road there i? a line view of the Schuylkill Valley wi h Phoenix- 
ville in the distance. The staff at the foot of the hill marks 
liiv site of Washington's headquarters, whose tile roof can 
be seen to the left of it. These whose 'ime is limited should 
:take this road, turning to the right at the Washington Inn. To 
The right one can trace the Gulph Road as far as the Right Line 
Boulevard. In the open space on the other side of the Gulph 



THE INNER LINE BOULEVARD. 195 

Road from Maxwell's Brigade were the huts of Conway's. A 
better view of the site can be had farther along the boulevard, 
opposite the Camp Road, which can be traced almost its whole 
length as it skirts Mount Joy. The best point from which to 
see the sites of Conway's and Huntington's Brigades is the 
Washington Lane. 

By the Gulph Road the Commission has placed a battery. 
Beyond this, on the left, is the grave of an unknown soldier of 
the Revolution. 

Huntington Redoubt. — For some distance there have 
been no intrenchments, but the line is soon reached again, and 
just beyond the point where they first appear is the path to 
Huntington Redoubt. The traverse is lOO feet long, and the top 
of the earthwork is in some places 20 feet from the bottom of 
the fosse. 

In front of it there has been buried a soldier whose body 
was discovered while making some improvements on one of 
the farms in the neighborhood. From the location of the 
bjody and the buttons found with it, it is presumed that he is 
the soldier who suffered in consequence of Wayne's advice to 
a farmer. This man complained to Wayne that the soldiers 
were robbing him. Wayne told him to shoot the next man he 
caught at it, which he did. killing a soldier who was milking 
one of his cows without the formality of a permission. The 
headstone bears the following inscription : 

HERE LIE THE REMAINS 

OF A 

REVOLUTIONARY SOLDIER 

SHOT ON A NEIGHBORING 

FARM DURING THE WINTER 

OF 1777 AND 1778 

To the right the Commission has placed a pump for the 
use of visitors to the Park. The hillside on which it is placed 
was the site of Huntington's Brigade. 

Picnic Grounds. — The Park Commission has placed 
tables and benches under the trees near the boulevard for the 



1% GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

use of picnic parties. Tables will be reserved by the guard if 
application be made to Mr. Samuel S. Hartranft, superintendent 
of the Park, Valley Forge, Pa. 

A large pavilion, for which the State of Pennsylvania made 
a special appropriation in IQ09. stands near the boulevard. Its 
shelter is greatly appreciated by those who are caught in a 
shower while visiting the Park. 

The other picnic grounds at Valley Forge are those ad- 
joining the Washington Memorial Chapel. The Washington 
Chapel Grove is back of the Washington Memorial Chapel, and 
is provided with conveniences for picnic parties. 

At the end of the earthworks the Commission has built a 
guardhouse overlooking the River Road. To this the boulevard 
makes a steep descent. Valley Forge Station, on the Reading 
Railway, can be reached more quickly by following the boule- 
vard on the other side of the road, but most persons will prefer 
to turn to the left and follow the River Road to Valley Forge. 
To reach the Washintgon Memorial Chapel, Port Kennedy Sta- 
tion, on the Reading Railway, and Betzwood, on the Penn- 
sylvania Railroad, turn to the right. 



v^ 




Copyright, IQ02. by Jesse E. Pkillirs. 

Washington. 
Painted at Valley Forge by Charles Willson Peale. 



WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS. 

WASHINGTON'S headquar.ers are the chief object of 
interest beyond the line of fortifications. Following 
the River Road to the lefi in its descent to Valley 
Creek, one ha? a view on the right of the boulevard along the 
river and of the site of the huts of Mcintosh's Brigade and the 
Life Guards. 

Mcintosh's Brigade. — To mark the former the Commis- 
sion has placed a marker among the trees on the right. It bears 
the following inscription : 

CONTINENTAL ARMY 
VALLEY FORGE. DECEMBER IQ, lyy-] — JUNE l8, I778 

Sullivan's division 
major-general john sullivan 

MC INTOSH's BRIGADE 
BRIGADIER-GENERAL L.ACHLAN MC INTOSH 

COMMANDING 
1ST NORTH CAROLINA INFANTRY, COLONEL THOMAS CLARK 

2D NORTH CAROLINA INFANTRY, COLONEL JOHN PATTON 

3D NORTH CAROLINA INFANTRY, COLONEL JETHRO SUMNER 

4TH NORTH CAROLINA INFANTRY. COLONEL THOMAS POLK 

5TH NORTH CAROLINA INFANTRY. LIEUTENANT-COLONEL WILLIAM L. 

DAVIDSON 

6th NORTH CAROLINA INFANTRY, COLONEL GIDEON LAMB 

/TH NORTH CAROLINA INFANTRY. COLONEL JAMES HOGUN 

8tH north CAROLINA INFANTRY, COLONEL JAMES ARMSTRONG 

QTH NORTH CAROLINA INFANTRY, COLONEL JOHN WILLIAMS 

The commander of this brigade, Gen. Lachlan Mcintosh, 
was a man of striking personality. His father had gone from 

(198 




'Si 

» 

H 
< 

< 



200- -GUIDE TO VALLEY- i=-ORGE. - - 

Scotland to se.tic in Georgia under Gen. E. Oglethorpe, and was 
the originatoi of the protest of the colonists against the intro- 
duction of African slaves into ihe colony. While acinig as a 
clerk in Charleston. S. C, Lachlan lived in the taiiiily of 
the pa.riotic Henry Laurens. Later he studied mathematics and 
civil engineering, bemg also greatly interested in military tactics. 
He was appointed brigadier-general in 1776. 

Before the evacuation General Mcintosh was sent to the 
frontier of Pennsylvania and Virginia 10 quell an instfrrection 
of the Wes'.ern Indians. Washington had a high opinion of 
him, and in a letter to the President of Congress, May 12, 1778, 
said; "I part with this gentleman with much reluctance, as I 
esteem him an officer of great merit and worth. His firm dis- 
position and equal justice, his assidui y and gocd i.nderstand- 
ing, point him out as a proper person to go, but I know his 
services here are and will be materially wanted." 

The Bakehouse. — The Washington Inn stands at the 
junction of the River Road and the Valley Creek Road. It 
includes the old "Mansion House" of the Potts estate, supposed 
to have been erected prior to 1768. When the house was en- 
larged the original building was not disturbed, but the newer por- 
tions were built around the old. This older portion is now 
used as a dining-room of the hotel. In 1773, Joseph Potts con- 
veyed an undivided moiety of Mount Joy Forge to William 
Dewecs, who seems to have occupied the house as early as 
177 1, and to have carried on the iron works in connection with 
David Potts. 

On August 30, 177", the Board of War sent the following 
letter to President Whartc n : "Sir: There is a large quantity 
of flour spoiling for the Want of baking. It lies at Valley 
Forge: I am directed to reqitest of you that you with the Coun- 
cil will be pleased to order Furlri^ghs to be given to six Bakers 
out of the Militia lor the p'rpose of baking the Flour int(^ hard 
biscuit. Colonel Dewees will receive your order & endeavor to 
find out the Bakers. 

"Rich. Peters. Sec." 



WASHINGTON S HEADQUARTERS. 



201 



To help carry out this order it would seem that Colonel 
Dewees built the large ovens in the cellar. Unfortunately these, 
were removed a few years ago. *j 

During the British occupation of Valley Forge the house 
was not destroyed, as it has been stated, but was ransacked 
and damaged. The story is told of how Mrs. Dewees gathered 
many of the valuables in one room and bravely told the sol- 
diers that they should enter it only over her dead body. Such 
heroism was appreciated and her treasures were saved. How- 




The Bake House, now Washington Inn. 

ever, her feather beds were ripped open and emptied, and one 
of her descendants has a bed made of these feathers. This ap- 
parently wanton act was prompted by the knowledge that a 
feather bed was most often the thrifty housewife's saving bank. 
When the American camp was established the ovens built 
by Colonel Dewees were used to bake much of the bread used in 
the army, when flour could be had. For those who were located 



202 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

at some distance from these ovens others were established, 
and people in the neighborhood made a business of baking for 
the army, receiving a pound of flour in exchange for a pound 
of bread. 

To the soldiers of the army, therefore, this was known as 
the "Bakehouse." It was not made the headquarters of any 
general, but within its walls some of the courLs martial were 
held. For instance, on February 4, 1778, Philip Kirk was tried 
and found guilty of supplying the enemy with cattle, and was 
sentenced to be "'Confin'd in some Goal in Pennsylvania during 
the Enemies Staying and both his real and personal Estate be- 
taken from him for the Use of the United States of America." 
Only the first part of this sentence was carried out, as Wash- 
ington was of the "opinion that Confiscation of Property is a 
matter not cognizable by Martial Law." On the same day, and 
for the same crime, John Williamson and David Dunn were 
sentenced to receive 250 and 200 lashes, respectively, on the 
bare back. Daniel Williamson was also to receive 200 lashes 
for "attempting to take a number of Sheep into Philada." 
These sentences were executed the next morning on the Grand 
Parade, Washington making the humane provision that "a 
Surgeon froiu General Patterson's Brigade attend and see that 
the Criminals do not receive more stripes than their strength 
will bear." 

The dam across Valley Creek has been rebuilt in a most 
substantial manner, and a number of boats are kept for the use 
of visitors to Valley Forge. Those who can spare the time 
should row to the head of the pond, where Valley Creek is 
crossed by a covered bridge. Beyond it lies "Valley Forge 
Farm," the summer home of the Hon. Philander C. Knox, Sec- 
retary of State. 

Most of the village of Valley Forge lies across the creek in 
Chester County. The road which passes through it is the most 
direct route to Phoenixville, four miles beyond. Near where it 
crosses Pickering Creek is Moore Hall, now the residence of 
Henry C. Pennypacker. This was the headquarters of the Com- 
mittee which Congress sent to Valley Forge to confer with 
Washington on the needs of the army. 



WASHINGTON S HEADQUARTERS. 



203 



The "Mansion House" is just beyond the village, and, like 
the "Washington Inn," includes a building which was built before 
the Revolution. It was used by the army as a hospital. But the 
chief interest in this road lies where it crosses the creek and 
ascends 'he hill, for here it was that "Light-horse Harry," Capt. 
Henry Lee, made his thrilling escape from the British dragoons. 
He and Alexander Hamilton had been sent to superintend the 
removal of some stores from Valley Forge, and while engaged 




Washington's Headquarters. 



in their work a detachment of British dragoons appeared. Ham- 
ilton and some of the men hastily embarked in a small boat, 
but Lee, fearful of delaying it, leaped upon his horse and 
endeavored to reach the bridge before his pursuers. He and 
his men safely crossed, escaping the enemy's fire at a distance 
of ten or twelve paces, and galloped up the hill closely fol- 



204 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

lowed. The British soon gave up the ciiase and returned to 
endeavor to prevent the escape of Hamilton, vvl^o, witl; hi< men. 
was struggling with the swollen stream. P>om the sound of 
the firing Lee feared that Hamilton and his party had tailed to 
escape, and immediately sent a despatch to Washington, telling 
of his experience and fears. Washington had hardly finished 
reading Lee's message when Hamil.on appeared unscathed, but 
fearful for Lee's safety. 

On the hill across the creek were the huts of the artificers. 
This regiment was authorized by Congress in 1777, and as 
formed consisted chiefly of men from Connecticut. 

A contemporary map now owned by the Historical Society 
of Pennsylvania shows, what other maps do not, the location 
of a brigade at this point. This was ihe Carolinian Brigade, 
which belonged to Lord Stirling's Division, if the map be trust- 
worthy. 

To reach Washington's headquarters turn to the right at 
the Washington Inn. The State has acquired the land between 
the road and Valley Creek, and the ruins of the paper mill have 
been removed. The Commission will maintain the tract as a 
part of the Park. 

The Of^ce of the Valley Forge Park Commission. — 

The house on the right is the office of ^he Valley Forge Park 
Commission and the residence of the efficient and courteous 
Superintendent of the Park, Col. Samuel S. Hartranft. The 
second house from the Inn has been fifed up by the Valley 
Forge Park Commission as its offices. 

A Camp Hospital. — The stone stable on the right is 
said to have been used as a hospital while the army was en- 
camped here. On the streng.h of this tradition it was purchased 
by the V^alley Forge Memorial Association, and is now owned by 
the State. 

Washington's Headquarters. — Washington's headquar- 
ters are a substantial stone house, two stories high, contaninig 
five rooms, and connected by a covered way with a stone 
kitchen. As far as we can learn it was built prior to 1768. 
The ground on which it stands is a portion of Mount Joy Manor, 



WASHINGTON S HEADQUARTERS. 



205 



which William Penn granted to his daughter Letitia on October 
27, 1701. Passing through the ownership of several persons it 
came into the possession of John Potts, and at the time of the 
Revolution the house was owned by Mrs. Deborah Hewes, who 
rented it to Washington. 

The house is of small size, being only 21 feet 6 inches 
across the front and 30 feet'6 inches deep. It is in a most excel- 
lent state of preservation, and has to-day the same doors, win- 
dows, locks, etc., which were here when it was occupied by 
Washington. 

In front of this door Washington himself mounted guard, 
as tradition has it, in order to allow the hungry sentinel to go 
inside 'o be cared for by Mrs. Washington. 

The hallway passes through the building and at the farther 
end opens out into the grounds at the back of the house. The 
doorway on the left leads to the kitchen, while the first on the 
right opens into the front room. 

In the hall has been placed a bronze tablet to commemo- 
rate the work done by the Valley Forge Memorial Association 
in preserving Washington's headquarters. It bears the follow- 
ing inscription : 

THIS TABLET COMMEMORATES 

THE PATRIOTIC SERVICE RENDERED BY 

THE CENTENNIAL AND MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION 

OF VALLEY FORGE 

GENEROUSLY AIDED BY THE 

PATRIOTIC ORDER SONS OF AMERICA 

IN ACQUIRING, RESTORING AND PRESERVING 

THIS HEADQUARTERS 

1878 1906 

The front room has an ample fireplace and closet, and is 
connected with the adjoining room by what is popularly called 
"the secret passage," a small entry. The Valley Park Commis- 
sion is furnishing the old house v^ith the choicest pieces of 
furniture of the period. The whitewash has been removed and 
the walls painted, much to the regret of visitors, who preferred 
its primitive appearance. 

In this room one recalls the stately reception with which 
Mrs. Washington welcomed Gen. Charles Lee on the 20th of 



206 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



May, upon his return from captivity. He was shown the great- 
est honor. Washington and his officers rode four miles from 
camp to meet him, and they passed to this house through the 
lines of the army. Here he was received by Mrs. Washington 
and "was entertained with an elegant Dinner, and the music 
playing the whole Time." 




Washington' 



INOOWS.* 



Washington's Office. — The chief place of interest in the 
building is the next room. This was the office of Washing- 
ton. Here during that trying winter he wrote his reports to 
Congress and his letters tO' the Governors, pleading . for their 
help for his starving men. Here came his officers, the Com- 
mittee from Congress and the countless ones who sought favors 
from the great commander. Here he learned of the Conway 

* That next to the door is the one mentioned. 



I 



Washington's headquarters. 207 

Cabal and of the alliance with France. Here he spent the 
darkest days of his life and here he saw the dawn of the 
brightest ones. 

In this room should be read the following account which 
formed part of a letter of Mrs. Washington to Mrs. Lund 
Washington at Mount Vernon : "The general's headquarters 
have been made more tolerable by the addition of a log cabin 
to the house, built to dine in. The apartment for business is 
only about sixteen feet square, and has a large fireplace. The 
house is built of stone. The walls are very thick, and below 
a deep east window, out of which the general can look upon 
the encampment, he had a box made, which appears as a part 
of the casement, with a blind trap-door at top, in which he 
keeps his valuable papers." 

The room is even smaller than she imagined, being only 
about thirteen feet square. Washington's box for private papers 
is io>4 inches deep. It is divided into two compartments 
gy2 inches wide, one 17 inches long and the other 16. 

This gives one a very good idea of the preservation of this 
old house. There is the east window out of which you can 
look toward the encampment. Washington could see the quar- 
ters of the life guard, and beyond them the huts of the 
Southern troops. The trap-door does not fit as perfectly as it 
did in those days, for since then thousands have taken it off 
and put it back. 

A very pretty story is told of how Mrs. Washington came 
here from Whitemarsh. "On that cold wintry journey to Val- 
ley Forge, Mrs. Washington rode behind her husband on a 
pillion. He was on his powerful bay charger and accompanied 
by a single aide-de-camp, followed the last remnant of the 
army that left the encampment at Whitemarsh." All of which is 
pure fiction. On the ist of February, Washington wrote the 
following to John Parke Custis, his stepson : "Your mamma 
is not yet arrived, but if she left Mount Vernon on the twenty- 
sixth ultimo, as intended, may, I think, be expected every hour. 
Meade (Richard K. Meade, aide-de-camp to Washington) set 
off yesterday (as soon as I got notice of her intention) to meet 
her. We are in a dreary kind of a place, and uncomfortably 



208 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

provided ; for other matters I shall refer you to the bearer, 
Colonel Fitzgerald (also an aide), who can give yon the oc- 
currences of the camp, &c., better than can be related in a let- 
ter." Mrs. Washington reached Valley Forge a day or two 
after this letter was written. Ip a letter to Mrs. Warren she 
said : "The general is in camp in what is called the great valley 
on the Banks of the Schuylkill. Officers and men are chiefly 
in Hutts, which they say is tolerable comfortable; the army 
are as healthy as can well be expected in general. The Gen- 
eral's apartment is very small : he has had a log cabin built to 
dine in, which has made our quarters much more tolerable than 
they were at first." 

The cui)board contains a number of relics, but the most 
interesting, on account c i:s association with the soldiers who 
were encamped here, is the old powder horn. While the army 
was starving a few head of cattle were driven into camp, and 
many of the men wanted the horns for powder horns. Wash- 
ington decided the matter by selecting a number between 1500 
and 2000, and allowing ;he men to guess it. One guessed cor- 
rectly, 1776. He and the nine who guessed numbers nearest 
to this were awarded the horns. Jabez Rockwell was one of 
these. He made sure of his prize by cutting his name on it, 
and later added the record of its use. The inscription is as 
follows : 

JABEZ riOCKWELL OF RIDGEBURY 

CONN. HIS HORN, MADE IN 

CAMP AT VALLEY FORGE 

FIRST USED AT MONMOUTH, JUNE 28, I778 

LAST AT YORK TOWN, I781 



The Second Floor. — The first room has been furnished by 
Valley Forge Chapter, D. A. R., with an interesting collection 
of antique furniture. 

There is no doubt in m^^ mind that the front room was Mrs. 
Washington's, and that General Lee's baggage was deposited 
in the little room at the end of the hall. 



WASHINGTON S HEADQUARTERS.' 



209 



Mrs. Henry Drinker, one of a committee of Friends which 
sought the release of those confined at Winchester, has left this 
record of her visit under the date of April 7th : "Arrived at 
HdQuarters, at about ^ past one. We requested an audience 
with the General, and sat with his wife (a sociable, pretty kind 
of jvoman), until he came in. A number of officers were there 
who were very complaisant, Tench Tilghman among ye rest 




The Back Bedroom. 



It was not long before G. Washington came, and discoursed 
with us freely, but not so long as we could have wished, as 
dinner was served, to which he invited us. There were 15 Of- 
ficers, besides ye G. and his wife, Gen. Greene, and Gen. Lee. 
We had an elegant dinner, which was soon over, when we went 
out with ye Genls wife, up to her Chamber — and saw no more 
of him." 



210 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 

This "sociable, pretty kind of woman" shared the burdens 
of her husband and most nobly seconded his efforts in behalf 
of the suffering soldiers. Mrs. Westlake, who lived near the 
headquarters, has left us a graphic picture of her laborious 
life at Valley Forge. She told Mr. Lossing, "I never in my life 
knew a woman so busy from early morning until late at night 
as was Lady Washington, providing comforts for the sick sol- 
diers. Every day, excepting Sunday, the wives of the officers 
in camp, and sometimes other women, were invited to Mr. 
Potts' to assist her in knitting socks, patching garments, and 
making shirts for the poor soldiers, when materials could be 
procured. Every fair day she might be seen, with basket in 
hand, and with a single attendant, going among the huts seek- 
ing the keenest and most needy sufferer, and giving all the 
corjiforts to them in her power. I sometimes went with her, 
for I was a stout girl, sixteen years old. On one occasion she 
went to the hut of a dying sergeant, whose young wife was 
with him. His case seemed to particularly touch the heart of 
the good lady, and after she had given him some wholesome 
food she had prepared with her own hands, she knelt down by 
his straw pallet and prayed earnestly for him and his wife 
with her sweet and solemn voice. I shall never forget the 
scene." 

The Garret. — The plaster on the ceiling of the garret is a 
modern addition. Tn the corner stands a Pennsylvania German 
dowry chest which bears the following inscription : 

CATARI 

NA GA 

CKEBACH 

INANNO 

1785 

The garret room once so uninteresting, has been com- 
pletely furnished by Merion Chapter. Daughters of the 
American Revolution, which has named the apartment the 
"Round Window Room." The chapter has published a carefully 
prepared catalogue of the furnishings, with an account of the 
owners. The bedstead, once the property of Charles Thomson, 



Washington's headquarters. 



211 



Secretary of the Continental Congress, is the property of the 
Valley Forge Centennial and Memorial Association. The arm- 
chair was brought from Wales by Dr. Thomas Wynne, Penn's 
physician, in 1682. The rocking-chair was owned by Col. Ed- 
ward Heston, and the portraits were painted by Isaac Heston, a 
"Revolutionary artificer," of himself and wife. The mahogany 
washstand, 150 years old, belonged to the mother of Capt. An- 
drew Geyer, and all the articles are of historic interest. 




The Kitchen. 

Descending to the first floor one should pass through the 
doorway which at the foot of the stairs opens into the passage 
to the kitchen. At one time this was supposed to be a much 
later addition, but examination showed that it was a part of 
the original structure. 



The Kitchen. — The kitchen is just what one would imag- 
ine should be a part of such a venerable building. In the 
great fireplace are the cranes, roasters, pots and skillets, and 
above it on the mantel shelf are candle molds, etc. Adjoining 
the kitchen is the log pump house, a modern addition. It is 



212 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE 

built over the entrance to what has been romantically called the 
"Passage to the River," and supposed to have formed a secret 
way by which Washington was to escape the British in case, 
of an attack. A narrow passage leads down by thirteen steps 
to a vaulted cellar 14 feet 7 inches long, 10 feet 2 inches wide 
and 7 feet 10 inches high. It seems to have been the kitchen 
cellar. 

Receipt for Rent of the Headquarters. 

The Grounds. — The grounds about the headquarters are 
kept in excelltn; order and add greatly to the attractiveness of 
the spot. The Commission has removed the fence and built a 
low stone \v;ill in front of the headquarters. 

Near the house is an elm brought from Mount Vernon. A 
marker gives the following history of its origin : 

this elm 

A SCION OF A tree 
PLANTED AT -MOUNT VERNON BY 

GEORGE WASHINGTON 

WAS BROUGHT HERE AND PLANTED 

IN DECEMBER 1888 

BY THE STATE SECRETARY 

PATRIOTIC ORDER SONS OF AMERICA 

. . ■ OF PENNSYLVANIA 




Valley Creek. 



THE VALLEY CREEK. 

THE Mill. — Opposite the house stood the grist mill of 
Isaac Potts. 
The old mill was destroyed by fire in the spring of 
1843, the fire being started by a spark from a locomotive. Mrs. 
Ogden, who owned the headquarters in 1874, said: "It stood near 
the railroad, and was much larger than the mill my father built 
higher up the race the next year, and which is now used as a 
paper mill. The old mill had very heavy massive timbers used 
in its building, which were unimpaired by time, and I heard 
say the burrs were the best in the country; they were all de- 
stroyed by the fire." 

Chevalier de Pontgibaud says that Washington used the 
mill as his headquarters, but I have not found anything to sus- 
tain this statement, although it may have been used as an of- 
fice, being so close to the residence of the Commander-in-Chief. 

A piece of the old water wheel is preserved in the head- 
quarters. It is suspended over the doorway leading from the 
hall to the kitchen, and is of the greatest interest. 

It will well repay those who can afford the time to go up 
the road along Valley Creek. Not only is it a picturesque 
drive, but it affords such points of interest as the site of the old 
forge, the Valley Forge Farm and Lafayette's headquarters. 

Crossing the Gulph Road at the Washington Inn, and pass- 
ing the woo'len mill, the road follows all the windings of 
the creek, the hillsides becoming more steep, until the nar- 
rowest point of the valley is reached, where the creek has cut 
its way between Mount Misery and Mount Joy. Less than a 
mile from the headquarters is the Washington Spring, of which 
Washington probably knew nothing. Froin this there is a path 
up to the boulevard on the heights. Beyond is the supposed site 
of the old forge. 

The Valley Forge. — Wherever the forge stood, it gave 
the name to the famous camp. It was built some time between 
December. 1742, and April. 1752, by Stephen Evans, Daniel 
Walker and Joseph Williams. Some time after 1751 a sawmill 

(214) 



THE VALLEY CREEK. 



215 



was built, and later the grist mill. The property came into the 
possession of John Potts, of Pottsgrove, the great ironmaster, in» 
1757- Up to this time the forge had been called Mount Joy^ 
Forge, as it was located on Mount Joy Manor. For a while the 
old name was retained, but was gradually superseded by the 
more familiar one of Valley Forge, derived naturally from the 
Valley Creek, whose waters were used by the old iron workers. 




Suggested Site of the Valley Forge. 



The property passed from John Potts to his son John, and from 
him to his brother Joseph, who, with his brother David and their 
cousin, Thomas Hockley, formed the firm of Potts, Hockley & 
Potts. The iron was brought from Warwick furnace in large 
quantities. At the time of the Revolution :he property was 
owned by William Dewees, Jr., who seems to have carried on the 
works in connection with David Potts, who for nearly fifty 
years had sol^ in Philadelphia ,the bar iron made here. 



216 



GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 



When the British were at Valley Forge, September 18-21, 
1777, the forge was destroyed. Hidden in the thick woods on 
Mount Joy, Alexander Hamilton watched the destruction which 
he was powerless to prevent. This gave the American soldiers 
an excuse to make inroads upon the buildings until they were 
checked by Washington. After the war the works were re- 
built farther down the stream, and were maintained until 1824, 
when they were allowed to fall into ruin. 

Perhaps one reason for the destruction of the forge, by the 
British is to be found in an old musket in the Valley Forge 
Museum. It was made at Valley Forge in 1777 for the Amer- 
ican army. 

Valley Forge Farm. — Less than a half-mile beyond the 
forge is Valley Forge Farm, the residence of the Hon. Philander 
C Knox, Secretary of State, and Attorney-General under Presi- 
dent McKinley and President Roosevelt. A quaint covered 
bridge spans the creek where it leaves the Senator's grounds, 
and crossing it one passes at once from the wild woodland 
scenery to a landscape whose natural beauties have been en- 
hanced by the hand of man. The house occupied by the Secre- 
tary and his family is set amid well-kept lawns and is shaded 
by fine old trees. The best view of it is from the road just 
beyond the gateway. Of course visitors will not intrude upon 
the grounds. To the left, on the other side of the creek, is the 
old farmhouse which was the headquarters of General Knox. 

Lafayette's Headquarters. — To reach Lafayette's head- 
quarters turn to the left at the corner of the Secretary's grounds, 
and follow the road which skirts the lawns. This will soon 
descend to another bridge over Valley Creek. Just beyond this 
on the right stands the residence of Henry Wilson, which at 
the time of the encampment was owned by John Havard and 
occupied by Lafayette. The old house is in a splendid state of 
preservation. Visitors are not admitted. 

Marquis Marie Jean Paul Joseph Roche Yves Gilbert du 
Motier Lafayette was only twenty years old when he came to 
Valley Forge, having recently been appointed to succeed Gen. 
Adam Stephen. Inspired by a romantic inf^rest in the struggle 



THE VALLEY CREEK, 217 

for liberty he had eluded French vigilance, fitted out a ship at 
his own expense and had come with Baron de Kalb and eleven 
other officers to offer his services to Congress. At first he 
served as a voluntary aide to Washington, and between them 
was formed that noble friendship which was an honor to them 
and iheir nations. 

Lafayette was a victim ' of the Conway Cabal at first. l)ut 
as scon as he saw what it meant he withdrew in disgust from 
those whom he counted the enemies of their country. Here he 
wrote a letter whose truth, loyalty and open-heartedness must 
have been a boon to Washington in that dark hour. In it he 
tiius pledges himself to Washington: "My desire of deserving 
your satisfaction is stronger than ever, and everywhere you 
will employ me you can be certain of my trying every exertion 
in my power to succeed. I am now fixed to your fate, and I 
shall follow it and sustain it as well by my sword as by all 
means in my power." 

One of the most interesting relics of Lafayette is the check 
for $120,000, paid to him by the United States as part of the 
$200,000 which he received for his services in the Revolution. 
This is preserved in the Valley Forge Museum of American 
History, together with letters and other relics of this devoted 
friend of America, including his camp stove. 

The road Just traversed is the shortest route to Valley 
Forge Station. Those who have more time and desire a dif- 
ferent route should turn to the right after passing through 
the covered bridge over Valley Creek, pass General Knox's 
headquarters, and turn to the left at the Centreville Road. At 
Fort Washington one can take the road on the left, the Camp 
Road, or follow the Centreville Road, here called Washington 
Lane, to the River Road. The first is shorter, as it soon strikes 
the Gulph Road, near the Front Line Boulevard. Turn to the 
left and follow the Gulph Road to the Washington Inn, and 
there turn to the right and pass the headquarters. By the 
second route, cross the Gulph Road and continue to the River 
Road. Turn to the left, and at the boulevard turn to the right. 

To reach either the Port Kennedy Station or the Betzwood 
Station, turn to the right at the River Road, pass the Waterman. 
Monument and Washington Memorial Chapel. 
\ 



THE CENTENNIAL AND MEMORIAL ASSO^ 
CIATION OF VALLEY FORGE. 

THE most important result of the celebration of the one 
hundredth anniversary of the Evacuation of Valley Forge 
was the determinaticm to secure the headquarters as a 
memorial of that event. To accomplish this there was formed 
"The Centennial and Memorial Association of Valley Forge," 
of which Mrs. Anna M. Holstein was elected regent. This 
association really carried forward the work of "The Valley 
Forge Centennial Association." which had so successfully ar- 
ranged for the celebration of the anniversary. The new asso- 
ciation appealed to patrioic citizens for ccmtributions, and for 
every dollar contributed a certificate was issued giving the 
holder a share of stock in the association. The house and one 
and a half acres of land were purchased for $6000, cme-half of 
which was secured by a mortgage. Despite the efforts of the 
members of the association i*. was unable to pay the interest, 
and an appeal was made to the Patriotic Order of the Sons of 
America at its convention in Norristown in 1885. In a little 
more than six months the order paid off the mortgage and can- 
celed all the indebtedness of the association, receiving in re- 
turn 3600 shares of stock, and a voice in the management. 
Col. Theodore W. Bean, of Camp 114, did much toward the 
success of this movement by the publication of his "Footprints 
of the Revolution," first published in the "Camp News." The 
State of Pennsylvania apprnpria'.ed $5000 to further the work 
of the association, and in 1887 the building was restored to its 
original condition, as far as possible, a warden's lodge was 
built, and the grounds improved. Additional ground was pur- 
chased in 1889 and in 1904. The association maintained the 
headquarters in an excellent manner, and was aided in this 
by a small admission fee. In rhe report of the Valley Forge 
Park Commissirn. in 1904, attention was called to this fee and 
the recommendation was made that the State acquire the prop- 
erty. This received favorable action and on August 15, 1905, the 

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MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 



219 



Commission took possession of the headquarters under the 
new powers given to it by the Legislature, paying the Association 

$18,000 for its property. Later the Commission made the claim 
that the money could not be distributed among the members of 
the Association, because the shares of stock were only receipts 
for money contributed for a charitable purpose. The courts 
sustained the claim of the Commission, which received the 
money as trustee. 




'Valley Forge. 



THE VALLEY FORGE PARK COMMISSION. 

THE Valley Forge Park is the creation of the Valley Forge 
Park Commission which was appointed by the Assembly 
of the State of Pennsylvania June 8, 1893, under the Act 
of May 30th, of that year, which provided "for the acquisition by 
the State of certain ground at Valley Forge for a park." This 
bill was the result of an effort begun many years before by Mrs. 
Mary E. Thropp Cone, to whose schoolgirl verses America owes 
the preservation of the old Trappe Church. Born at Valley 
Forge, she loved its historic hills and plead for years for some 
monument to properly mark the neglected spot. She and her 
sister Amelia originated the Valley Forge Monument Associa- 
tion, which began work in 1882. Of this association Anthony J. 
Drexel, Jr., was the treasurer and George W. Childs, a charter 
member. Mrs. Cone and her friends appealed to Congress for 
aid, but in vain. Thereupon an effort was made to obtain a State 
appropriation, and this effort resulted in the Act of 1893. The 
idea of the monument was abandoned for that of a reservation 
by which the intrenchments would be preserved to the Nation. 

We do not know who first suggested the preservation of 
Valley Forge, but the Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker has pub- 
lished an interesting broadside in which he sets forth the work 
done by Dr. Isaac Anderson Pennypacker, who, as early as 1842 
wrote in behalf of the preservation of the encampment, and in 
1845 suggested the erection of a monument on Mount Joy. To 
this end he brought Daniel Webster, William H. Seward, Neal 
Dow and others to Valley Forge. In the effort to arouse pub- 
lic interest in Valley Forge no one has been more zealous than 
the author of the broadside, for as Commissioner and Governor, 
through writings and through speeches, he strove to direct the 
attention of the American people to the place and its history. 

The first act passed by the Assembly provided $25,000 for 
the purpose of the Commission, and in 1895, $10,000 were ap- 
propriated. The Park now includes about 1500 acres. The 

(220) 



1 



VALLEY FORGE PARK COMMISSION. 22 1 

State has expended several, hundred thousand dollars on the 
purchase of ground, building of roads, etc., but the figures are 
not available. 

The Commission as now constituted is as follows : W. H. 
Sayen, President; John P. Nicholson, Vice-President; John W. 
Jordan, Secretary and Treasurer ; J. P. Hale Jenkins, William 
A. Patton, Richmond L. Jones, John W. Jordan, John T. Win- 
drim, George J. Elliott, Edward F. Beale, and John R. K. Scott. 
Mr. Samuel S. Hartranft is the Superintendent. The Office of 
the Commission is located in the house to the south of the 
Headquarters. The Philadelphia Office is 226 Commercial Trust 
Building. 




WASHINGTON AND VALLEY FORGE. 

"No spot on earth — not the plains of Marathon, nor the 
passes of Sempach, nor the place of the Bastile, nor the dykes 
of Holland, nor the moors of England, is so sacred in the his- 
tory of the struggle for human liberty as Valley Forge." — Cyrus 
Townsend Brady. 

HAVING made a tour of the encampment, it may well 
be asked, What impression is left on the minds of the 
visitor? All who think seem to feel the spell of the 
place. These hills make a subtle appeal to the best in man, 
and many go away pledged to a nobler effort in life. Valley 
Forge affects one as does no other place in the land. 

No better analysis of this characteristic power of Valley 
Forge has been made than that by Bishop Gibson, of Vir- 
ginia, who, in the course of his sermon at the opening of the 
Washington Memorial Chapel, said: 

''The chief distinction of Valley Forge is human, personal, 
individual, practical. In one word, it is spiritual. It grows out 
of the unintentional and unconscious display of a character. 
Need I say the character of Washington? Valley Forge was 
Washington's place of martyrdom. Never again in the course 
of a life filled with extraordinary experiences did this 'greatest 
of good men and best of great men,' who had accepted the 
office of commander-in-chief with unfeigned reluctance, and, 
because of his feeling that he was always liable to make mis- 
takes, was ready at any time to have his actions freely criticised 
by those from whom he had received his commission, never 
again, J say, did Washington pass through an ordeal so fiery 
as that which made Valley Forge for him and for many others 
the Valley of Decision. 'He that findeth his life shall lose it,' 
said the Master of Wisdom and of wise men — 'He that findeth 
his life shall lose it ; and he that loseth his life for my sake, 
shall find it.' On this spot Washington fought out the spiritual 
battle of his career, endured and triumphed in the majestic name 

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J 



WASHINGTON AND VALLEY FORGE 223 

of Duty; which is also the name of Him to whom all is due. 
When he turned his back on these scenes there was no longer 
any question as to who should command the armies of America, 
nor was his heart again torn, as here, by the sight of troops 
under his own eye, starving and naked from neglect. And what 
is the result? He has become the genius of the place; invest- 
ing all we read with his own aura, supplying the clear atmos- 
phere through which each incident of the time is seen, clothing 
with the colors of actual vision every account of hospitals and 
huts, of wounds and bruises, of chilly, comfortless nights, and 
days of weakness from hunger. We see what he saw, we feel 
his emotions. Into our faces failure stares and treachery kisses 
us on the cheek. As the story moves on, gathering force in 
its progress, we are drawn more closely to the hero. As troubles 
thicken about him, apparently unconscicrus of their presence, our 
anxiety deepens, the tension of our hearts grows rigid. He 
saved others, we say, but to save himself is beyond his power. 
And so it was. He was not tried to the limit of death or dis- 
grace, but he was tried so sorely as to make him one of the 
exemplars of nankind. To secure independence for his country 
he suflFered that which made him a great moral luminary for the 
world. The exhibition of the character of Washington is the 
crowning glory of Valley Forge." 




Tablet on Pennsylvania 
Memorial Columns. 



